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R. Kumar Gargi , M. K. Singh , B. C. Prasad

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R. Kumar , Gargi , I. Hembrom , Alpana Anupam , M. K. Singh , B. C. Prasad

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I. Hembrom , Gargi , R. Kumar , M. K. Singh , N. B. Vijayaprakash

Abstract

Studies for seed morphology, seedling growth and biomass attributes were made in 25 provenances of Terminalia arjuna (11) and T. tomentosa (14). A wide variation was recorded for 13 seed and seedling traits in both the species. Single seed weight ranged between 1.15 to 4.52 g in T. arjuna and 0.87 to 2.76 g in T. tomentosa. Germination per cent was maximum (83.33) in T. arjuna seeds from Chakradharpur (Jharkhand). Production of fresh biomass was maximum (2.03 g) in T. tomentosa seedlings from Kharsawan (Jharkhand). Root shoot ratio an important parameter in initial establishment of seed ling was also highest (3.08:1) in seedlings of T. tomentosa from Ranka (Jharkhand).Vigour index ranged between 669.80% (T. arjuna) to 580.80 % in T. tomentosa. A positive and significant correlation was found between emergence index and germination per cent, germination speed, ischolar_main length and vigour index. Based on the vigour index, ischolar_main/shoot ratio plus trees of T. arjuna from Chakradharpur and Garwha and of T. tomentosa from Baharagoda have been identified for multiplication.

Keywords

Terminalia Arjuna, T. tomentosa, Provenances, Germination, Biomass Attributes

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S. Sathapathy ¹, S. K. Joshi ², S. P. Khandate ³, R. S. Dalvi ³, R. Y. Charjan ³, U. P. Mainde ³, S. B. Banubakode ³, M. K. Singh ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary, Anatomy and Histology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, NAGPUR (M.S.), IN
2 Division of Livestock Production Management, National Dairy Research Institute, KARNAL (HARYANA), IN
3 Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, NAGPUR (M.S.), IN
4 Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, UDHAM SINGH NAGAR (UTTARAKHAND), IN

Abstract

The present study was conducted on the coronary artery of 18 goats divided into three age groups viz., kid (up to 1 year), young (1-2 years) and adult (2 years and above) comprising of six animals in each group for recording the histchemical peculiarities. The histochemical study revealed that the PAS activity was limited to the tunica externa and intima of the coronary artery. Moderate PAS activity was recorded in the left coronary artery at the termination in all the age groups of goats, while at the origin of the right coronary artery very weak PAS activity was found. The deposition of lipids was found in all the tunics of the coronary artery. The amount of deposition of lipids in the tunica intima of left coronary artery was more than that deposited in the right one in all the age groups of goat and the deposition increased with the advancement of the age of the animals. The acid phosphatase activity was exhibited only in the endothelium and tunica externa of the coronary artery, whereas the alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in the endothelium, externa and perivascular connective tissues of the vessels. In adults, intense acid phosphatase activity was recorded in the tunica externa of left coronary artery with the endothelium showing very weak activity, while moderate activity was noted in the tunica externa of right coronary artery without any activity in the endothelium of this vessel in the adult animals. The present study shall be of value to clinicians for assessment of vascular configuration in health and diseases of coronary artery as well to study the haemodynamics in terms of lining endothelium and its modification for clotting mechanism.

Keywords

Histochemical, Angioarchitecture, Coronary, Artery, Goat.

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Rashmi Singh ¹, M. K. Singh ¹, D. K. Kohli ¹, Ashish Singh ¹, Sushmita Bhartiya ², A. K. Agarwal ³, P. K. Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Nano Functional Materials Laboratory, Laser Materials Development and Devices Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, IN
2 Nano Functional Materials Laboratory, Laser Materials Development and Devices Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, IS
3 Heavy Water Board, Vikram Bhawan, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, IN

Abstract

The use of catalysed exchange of deuterium (D) between hydrogen (H) gas and liquid water using the bithermal hydrogen water (BHW) process is a promising and environment-friendly approach for the production of heavy water. However, the use of this approach is limited by the lack of a suitable catalyst that has good activity at high operating pressures required for practical applications. We report the development of hydrophobic platinum-doped carbon aerogel (PtCA) catalyst which shows good catalytic activity for H/D isotope exchange reactions at operating pressures up to 20 bar.

Keywords

Carbon Dioxide Activation, Hydrogen Isotope Separation, Hydrophobic Catalyst, Platinum-Doped Carbon Aerogel.

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S. K. Choudhary ¹, S. K. Gupta ¹, M. K. Singh ¹, Sushant ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, BAC, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bihar), IN

Abstract

Moringa oleifera Lam., a medium sized tree species has gained importance due to its multipurpose usage and well adaptability to dry and hot climates of north-western plains, central India and dry regions of peninsular India. Moringa oleifera Lam. (family: Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the tropics and subtropics. It has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. Different parts of this plant contain a profile of important minerals, and are a good source of protein, vitamins, β-carotene, amino acids and various phenolics. The moringa plant provides a rich and rare combination of zeatin, quercetin, β- sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol. In addition to its compelling water purifying powers and high nutritional value, M. oleifera is very important for its medicinal value and it is also used in Dairy and meat production in dry regions is very complex due to low quality and shortage of fodder, especially in dry periods. In case of fodder shortage. i.e. unavailability of fodder in December through May as currently green fodder is least available after wheat, alfalfa, brassica and maize harvesting. This leads towards reduced livestock production and low-quality milk and meat products. and enlarging the gap between the availability of resources and the meeting of human and animals necessities. People are fulfilling their requirements for food and shelter by depleting natural resources. Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that has been neglected for several years but now is being investigated for its fast growth, higher nutritional attributes, and utilization as a livestock fodder crop. It can be grown as a crop on marginal lands with high temperatures and low water availability, where it is difficult to cultivate other agricultural crops.

Keywords

Moringa oleifera, Antinutritional Factors, Livestock Fodder, Nutritional Quality, Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological Properties, Natural Coagulant.

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M. K. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Centre for Advanced Study in Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, IN

Abstract

The paper concerns mainly with properties of packing of the Proterozoic Chandarpur and Khairagarh sandstones of Chhattisgarh Basin. An attempt has been made to decipher the nature of boundary between Chandarpur Group and overlying Raipur Group on the basis of grain packing. For the purpose of study based on eight representative thin sections of Chandarpur and Khairagarh sandstones, measurements of grain size distribution, types of grain contacts, packing density (Pd), packing proximity (Pp) and linear regression analysis has been carried out. The relation of packing density with packing proximity of Khairagarh sandstone shows positive correlation coefficient (r) with linear regression equation (y) and no clear trend in packing proximity (Pp) vs grain size (Is) is observed whereas Chandarpur sandstone shows packing density increases and packing proximity decreases with linear regression equation (y) and correlation coefficient (r). Chandarpur grain size tends to increase with packing density (Pd) whereas packing proximity (Pp) increases but Khairagarh sandstone packing density (Pd) decrease with increase of grain size (Is) and packing proximity (Pp) tends to increase with decrease in grain size. Above study indicates that packing behaviour of Chandarpur sandstones and Khairagarh sandstones are entirely different.

Keywords

Chandarpur Sandstones, Grain Size, Packing, Proterozoic, Chhattisgarh Basin.

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A. k. Nigam ¹, M. K. Singh ¹, Reeta Saxena ¹, P. P. Tewari ¹, Shruti Shukla ¹

Affiliations
1 The Institute of Applied Statistics and Development Studies, C-36, Near Hans Bhakti Dham, Katnla Nehru Nagar, Ring Road, Lucknow - 226022, IN

Abstract

Institute of Applied Statistics and Development Studies (lASDS), Lucknow conducted o survey based study' "Gender Bias in Intra-Household Food Consumption: Dietary intake and Pattern' for Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) to assess the difference in the dietary lntakes of different age-sex groups.

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S. K. Choudhary ¹, S. K. Gupta ¹, M. K. Singh ¹, S. Sheraz Mahdi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, BAC, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar), IN

Abstract

Soil micro-organisms are important component of integrated nutrient management and soil biodiversity system. They play a pivotal role in the functioning of plants by influencing their physiology and development. It is very important role in biogeo-chemical cycles and has been used for crop production for decades. Plant-bacterial interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health and soil fertility. Soil bacteria which are beneficial to plant growth, referred to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are capable of promoting plant growth by colonizing the plant ischolar_main. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria include the Cyanobacteria of the genera Rhizobium, Brady rhizobium, Azorhizobium, Allorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium. Plant growth promotion and development can be facilitated both directly and indirectly. Indirect plant growth promotionincludes the prevention of the deleterious effects of phytopathogenic organisms. This can be achieved by the production of siderophores, i.e. small metal-binding molecules. Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens and the synthesis of antibiotics have also been reported in several bacterial species. Another mechanism by which PGPR can inhibit phytopathogens is the production of hydrogencyanide (HCN) and/or fungal cell wall degrading enzymes, e.g., chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Direct plant growth promotion includes symbiotic and non-symbiotic PGPR which function through production of plant hormones suchas auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid. Production of indole-3-ethanol or indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), PGPR also help in solubilisation of mineral phosphates and other nutrients, enhance resistance to stress, stabilize soil aggregates, and improve soil structure and organic matter content. PGPR retain more soil organic N, and other nutrients in the plant-soil system, thus, reducing the need for fertilizer.

Keywords

PGPR Symbiotic, Non-Symbiotic, P and K Solubilisation, Phytohormones, Bio Control.

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M. K. Singh ¹, S. K. Gupta ¹, S. K. Choudhary ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar), IN

Abstract

Finger millet is a staple food crop in dryland, tribal areas and Diayara areas. It is cultivated both for grains and ‘fodder. SRI principles have been creatively adopted to suit the cultivation practices for finger millet, making it possible to produce 3-4 times more crop yield than with farmers’ traditional practices, without depending on new varieties. It does use small amounts of purchased inputs along with mostly organic inputs. It is cultivated mainly in Asia and Africa. It is staple food crop in many hilly regions of the country and it is grown both for grain and forage. In Northern hills, grains are eaten in the form of chapaties and in South India, grain flour is used for preparing gruel, cakes or unleavened bread, puddings, porridges, sweets etc. Germinating grains are malted and fed to infants and good for pregnant woman. It is considered as nutritive food for adults of different ages. Grains contain 9.2 per cent protein, 1.29 per cent fat, 76.32 per cent carbohydrates, 2.24 per cent minerals 3 per cent ash and 0.33 per cent Ca. It also contains vitamins A and B with small amount of P. It is good for persons suffering from diabetes. Green straw is suitable for making silage.

Keywords

Unique Technique, Finger Millet Production, SRI, Higher Yield Potential.

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R. A. Singh ¹, M. K. Singh ¹, S. B. Pal ¹, Jitendra Singh ¹, Jitendra Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The study on nutrients requirement for degraded ravinous land was carried out during three consecutive years in pilot area of Model Watershed Jalaun, Bundelkhand, U.P. The main objective of this study was to workout the nutrients requirement of different crops on the basis of watershed technology. The different varieties of gram gave maximum yield at 20 kg N+60 kg P₂O₅/ha. Similarly, the different varieties of field pea's and cv.K75 of lentil also yielded highest grains at 20 kg N+60 kg P₂O₅/ha. Cultivar T 21 and UPAS 120 of arhar gave maximum yields at 60 kg P₂O₅/ha in association of recommended dose of nitrogen. Application of 60 kg P₂O₅/ha in association of recommended dose of nitrogen gave highest grain yield of urd by 10.43 q/ha. Gram, field pea's and wheat raised after soybean responded up to use of 25 kg N/ha, 25 kg N/ha and 160 kg N/ha, respectively. The different varieties of soybean gave maximum yield at 20 kg N+80 kg P₂O₅ + 40 kg K₂O/ha. Likewise, the different varieties of mustard gave maximum yield at 150 kg N/ha as compared to lower doses of nitrogen. Mustard gave maximum yield by 33.80 q/ha with the use of 40 kg S/ha in conjunction of 80 kg N + 40 kg P₂O₅ + 40 kg K₂0/ha. Varsha variety of jowar yielded maximum grains at 80 kg N/ha on the both class of land i.e,. II and III under rainfed situation. The direct seeded rice gave maximum yield of 29.50 q/ha at 80 kg N/ha in the catchments area of nala bund. Application of 50 per cent nitrogen through F.Y.M. in association of 50 per cent nitrogen through urea provided higher yields of sugarcane, urd and mustard over the 100 per cent recommended dose of N through both urea and F.Y.M. Therefore, on the basis of above results, farmers may be advocated for application of 25 to 35 per cent more nutrients especially NPK over their recommended doses for reaping the better yield from the reclaimed ravionous land.

Keywords

Ravines Affected Land, Nutrients Management, Model Watershed, Conservation Agronomical Practices, Catchments Area of Nala Bund.

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Vandana Gupta ¹, Anupam Agarwal ², M. K. Singh ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Applied Science, Aryan Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, IN
2 Department of Applied Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, IN
3 Department of Applied Science, Ideal Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, IN

Abstract

Adsorption is used as a potential method for the removal of color (dye) from industrial waste water. In this paper an easily available low cost Belpatra (Aegel marmelos) bark powder was used as an adsorbent for the removal of textile dye Torque Blue. For the present work several experiments were conducted at different adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, dye concentration, particle size, and contact time in a batch adsorption mode. The experimental results revealed that maximum adsorption capacity of Belpatra bark powder on Torque blue dye was found to be 98% at an adsorbent dosage of 0.7gm in 100ml dye solution having 15mg/L concentration at a temperature 310K and pH 7.5. The equilibrium data was fitted well in Langmuir isotherm model. The values of the Langmuir constants for adsorption capacity (Q°) of Torque Blue on the adsorbent were 4.73, 4.13 and 3.74 at temperature 300, 310 and 320K respectively. Kinetic studies showed that adsorption followed first order rate law. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy changes (ΔS°) were calculated for the interpretation of the adsorption process. The negative values of ΔH° and ΔG° showed that adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous in nature.

Keywords

Industry Effluent, Adsorption, Low Cost Adsorbent, Belpatra Bark.

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Chhabi De ¹, V. K. Singh ², Baby Dey ³, M. K. Singh ⁴, Nirmal De ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Mankar College, Burdwan (W.B.), IN
2 Department of Economics, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi (U.P.), IN
3 Department of Economics, Harin Gata Mahavidyalaya, Nadia (W.B.), IN
4 Department of Agricultural Economics, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi (U.P.), IN
5 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P), IN

Abstract

Input-output data were collected from on farm trials of hybrid and open pollinated varieties of tomato grown in the research farm of Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, during 2001-02 to 2006-07. Seven determinate tomato varieties namely, CO-3, Sel-10, Punjab Chhuhara, Sel-15, DVRT-2, Sel-7, ARTH-3 and one hybrid STH-537 in one set of experiment and seven hybrids ARTH-16, ARTH-4, ARTH-128, Gotya, SC-2, BSS-40, BSS-99 and one open pollinated variety Arka Vikas in another set of experiments were grown in the Gangetic alluvial soil of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The plants were grown under different levels of nutrition N @ 120, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha, P₂O₅ @ 60, 80, 120 and 150 kg/ha and K @ 60, 100, 120 and 150 kg/ha in alluvial soil. A significant variation in yield and yield parameter was recorded among the tested open pollinated varieties and hybrids. The highest yield was recorded in Sel-15 (58.1 t/ha) at par to control hybrid STH-537 (56.64 t/ha) followed by open pollinated varieties Sel-10 and Punjab Chhuhara (53.5 and 51.6 t/ha, respectively). Yield of CO-3, DVRT-2, Sel-7 and ARTH-3 was ranging between 41.9 to 48.6 t/ha, indicating an increase of 2.5 to 3 times higher yield than national average of 18 t/ha. Among the tested hybrids, highest yield was recorded in BSS-99 (76 t/ha) followed by BSS-40 (71.3 t/ha) as compared to National check, Arka Vikas variety (44.1 t/ha) under staking condition. The increase in tomato yield under staking condition was remarkable for evaluated seven hybrids and one open pollinated variety. The highest cost: benefit ratio was found in BSS-99 (1:4.0) followed by BSS-40 (1:3.69) under staked condition as compared to (1:3.1) and (1:2.75) under non-staked condition. The law of diminishing return was established in yield response curve when treated with fertilizer inputs. Application of fertilizer nitrogen beyond 200 kg/ha showed a negative effect on yield and benefit: cost ratio. Interventions of fertilizer management technology recorded an additional gain of 46 q/ha in open pollinated variety and 110 q/ha yield in private sector hybrids in tomato. An increase in 33per cent factor productivity was realized under intervention of staking in 3 tier technology in indeterminate tomato hybrid. Variation in type of seed (open pollinated to hybrid) induced 17 per cent increase in factor productivity. Fertilizer management technologies on average enhanced 22 per cent factor productivity in tomato irrespective of genetic makeup.

Keywords

Tomato Hybrid/Variety, Nitrogen, Staking, Benefit:Cost Ratio, Partial Input Productivity.

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R. K. Singh ¹, M. K. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rura Mallu, Jalaun (U.P.), IN
2 C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The study was laidout during Rabi season of 1994-95 and 1995-96 at Student’s instructional Farm, C.S. Azad university of Agriculture and technology, Kanpur. The soil of experimental field was sandy loam, having low fertility status. Five cropping systems i.e., Indian mustard sole, Indian mustard + lentil, Indian mustard without lentil at same distance, Indian mustard + French bean and Indian mustard without French bean at same distance were tested under three levels of phosphorus (control, 30 kg P₂O₅/ha and 60 kg P₂O₅/ha). the highest yield of Indian mustard by 24.04 q/ha was harvested under treatment of Indian mustard sole. In associated cropping system of lentil and French bean, Indian mustard yielded by 11.72 q/ha and 15.00 q/ha seed yield, respectively. The yield of Indian mustard was obtained 16.95 q/ha at 30 kg P₂O₅/ha closely followed by 60 kg P₂O₅/ha (16.45 q/ha). the growth and yield traits of Indian mustard were concordant to the yields obtained from Indian mustard under different cropping systems and levels of phosphorus. The yield of intercropped lentil and French bean were harvested by 6.69 q/ha and 12.02 q/ha, respectively. Both inter crops provided more granin yield upto highest tested dose of 60 kg P₂O₅/ha closely followed by 30 kg P₂O₅/ha. The growth and yield fruits of both crops were commensurable to the yields obtained from lentil and French bean under cropping systems with Indian mustard and levels of phosphorus application.

Keywords

Associated Cropping, Commensurable, Concordant, French Bean, Inter Cropping.

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R. K. Singh ¹, V. R. Chaudhary ², Ram Prakash ², M. K. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rura Mallu, Jalaun (U.P.), IN
2 C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The study was laidout during Rabi season of 1994-95 and 1995-96 at Student’s Instructional Farm, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The soil of experimental field was sandy loam, having low fertility status. Five cropping systems i.e., Indian mustard sole, Indian mustard + lentil, Indian mustard without lentil at same distance, Indian mustard + French bean and Indian mustard without French bean at same distance were tested under three levels of phosphorus (control, 30 kg P₂O₅/ha and 60 kg P₂O₅/ha). The highest yield of Indian mustard by 24.04 q/ha was harvested under treatment of Indian mustard sole. In associated cropping system of lentil and French bean, Indian mustard yielded by 11.72 q/ha and 15.52 q/ha seed yield, respectively. The yield of Indian mustard was obtained 16.95 q/ha at 30 kg P₂O₅/ha closely followed by 60 kg P₂O₅/ha (16.45 q/ha). The growth and yield traits of Indian mustard were concordant to the yields obtained from Indian mustard under different cropping systems and levels of phosphorus. The yield of intercropped lentil and French bean were harvested by 6.69 q/ha and 12.02 q/ha, respectively. Both inter crops provided more grain yield upto highest tested dose of 60 kg P₂O₅/ha closely followed by 80 kg P₂O₅/ha. The growth and yield attributes of both crops were commensurable to the yields obtained from lentil and French bean under cropping systems with Indian mustard and levels of phosphorus application.

Keywords

Associated Cropping, Commensurable, Concordant, French Bean, Inter Cropping.

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R. K. Singh ¹, M. K. Singh ², Ram Prakash ²

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rura Mallu, Jalaun (U.P.), IN
2 C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The adaptive trial was laidout during 2002-2003 at dry eco-system of Jalaun district of Bundelkhand. The soil of pilot area was Kabar, having low fertility status especially in organic matter. The improved genotypes KWR-108, KGD-1168 and Pusa-256 was tested with local check Radhey in adaptive trial. The cultivars planted in the first fortnight of November and harvested in the end of March after 140 days of seeding. The cultivar Pusa-256 gave highest average grain yield of chickpea by 15.50 q/ha. The local check Radhey, KWR-108 and KGD-1168 gave lowest yield by a margin of 2.25 q/ha, 1.00 q/ha and 1.00 q/ha, respectively, in comparison to cv. PUSA-256. The growth and yield traits recorded under test genotypes, supported to the grain yield of chickpea.

Keywords

Alluvium Soil, Dry Eco-System, Dry Farmed Area, Kabar Soil.

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N. Rawat ¹, M. K. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Since the embryonic stem cells have knocked the doorsteps, they have proved themselves in the field of science, research, and medicines, but the hovered restrictions confine their application in human welfare. Alternate approaches used to reprogram the cells to the pluripotent state were not up to par, but the innovation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) paved a new hope for the researchers. Soon after the discovery, iPSCs technology is undergoing renaissance day by day, i.e., from the use of genetic material to recombinant proteins and now only chemicals are employed to convert somatic cells to iPSCs. Thus, this technique is moving straightforward and productive at an astonishing pace. Here, we provide a brief introduction to iPSCs, the mechanism and methods for their generation, their prevailing and prospective applications and the future opportunities that can be expected from them.

Keywords

Cellular Reprogramming, Embryonic Stem Cells, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Stem Cells.

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M. K. Singh ¹, N. L. Selokar ¹, S. Chand ¹, K. Patel ¹, S. S. Lathwal ¹, T. K. Mohanty ¹, M. S. Chauhan ¹

Affiliations
1 Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, India

Abstract

No Abstract.

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P. B. Prasad ¹, M. K. Singh ², J. S. Kushwaha ³

Affiliations
1 Sr. Engineer, BHEL, PhD scholar ISM Dhanbad, member of IEI, IN
2 Sr. Engineer BHEL, member of IEI, IN
3 Manager BHEL, Mtech, NIT Bhopal, IN

Abstract

The interdependency between water and energy, sometimes called the water-energy nexus, is growing in importance as demand for both water and energy increases with time. In the world, thermal power plants make up 70% of the existing fleet. These plants require large quantities of water, primarily for cooling, and account for 40% of the total fresh water withdrawals every year. This has an impact both on the aquatic organisms and on the water resources of the region where the power plant is located. A report from the US Department of Energy identified more than 60% coal-fired power plants as vulnerable to water demand and/or water supply concerns. Therefore, it is important to understand the water footprint of the different electricity generation technologies. Unfortunately, the primary source of data is from direct surveys of power plant operators, which are often unreliable and incomplete. In order to better understand the water footprint of thermal power plants, this paper presents a simple, generic model to predict their water usage. Almost all energy generation processes require significant amounts of water, and the treatment and transport of water requires energy (mainly in the form of electricity). This trade off between energy and water resources is the energy-water nexus. Integrated planning is vital to ensure future social, political, and economic stability and to avoid unwanted and unsustainable scenarios. Water scarcity is increasing. About 2.8 billion people live in areas of high water stress and 1.2 billion live in areas of physical scarcity. It is estimated that by 2030, nearly half of the world‘s population will be living in areas of high water stress affecting energy and food security (WWAP, 2012). Worldwide, decreasing water quality also impacts growth as it degrades ecosystems; causes health-related diseases; constrains economic activities such as agriculture, energy generation, industrial production, and tourism; affects the value of property and assets, and increases wastewater treatment costs. Water is most abundant thing on Earth after air. As water is precious, priceless, pretty gift to human kind from almighty and now-a-days very valuable and its usability is increasing day by day. The electric power industry usually thermal power plant is a large water user and is dependent upon reliable water supplies. Adopting new water-conserving technologies for power production can help alleviate the impact of future water shortages. Several water use reduction technologies are available, each with different benefits and costs. By far the largest use of water in power generation is for condenser cooling. Thermal power plants require a large amount of cooling water to condense the steam turbine exhaust steam. The lower the condensing temperature is, the lower will be the backpressure on the steam turbine, which increases plant thermal efficiency. The most effective method of rejecting this heat is through the use of cooling water. Traditionally, power plants have used three methods for condenser cooling: once-through, evaporative, and dry cooling. Each has unique advantages and disadvantages. With once-through cooling, water is withdrawn (typically from a lake, river, or ocean), pumped through a condenser, and returned to the source at the same rate but at an increased temperature. Once-through cooling provides the best power plant efficiency of all the alternatives (such as cooling towers, natural draft or forced draft) because the source water tends to be the lowest temperature heat sink available for most of the year. In this paper we analyze the use of water in thermal power plant also the various water conservation management techniques in terms of water reuse/recycling, we can also elaborate the other techniques for water conservation by production of energy by renewable energy sources in place of thermal power plant.

Keywords

No keywords.

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K. K. Bhardwaj ¹, M. K. Singh ², Dev Raj ¹, Sonia Devi ¹, Garima Dahiya ¹, S. K. Sharma ³, M. K. Sharma ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar, IN
2 Department of Forestry, CCS HAU, Hisar., IN
3 Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar, IN
4 Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar., IN

Abstract

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of leaf litterfall of shelterbelt, Azadirachta indica, Ailanthus excels and Prosopis cineraria and control (devoid of trees) on available nutrients and organic carbon pools of soil from 3 distances (2, 5 and 10m) The total litterfall during the study period ranged between 1712 and 4126kg/ha and it was found maximum in the month of January and it was minimum in February in different plantations. Annual litterfall showed considerable variation among different plantations. Litter accumulation under the different plantations canopy was highest in the shelterbelt followed by Prosopis cineraria and lowest in the Azadirachta indica. There was improvement in soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, available macro (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) tree species when compared to field without trees. Significant improvement in soil organic carbon (0.14 to 0.26 %), available N (55.9 to 116.6kg/ha) P (9.6 to 13.6kg/ha) and K (188.9 to 248.3kg/ha) was observed under these tree species compared to field without trees. The content of Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn and was 15, 25, 40 and 51 percent, respectively higher under these tree species than the control field. The amount of nutrients returned to the soils through litter was significantly highest at 2m distance under different plantations. The present study indicated that these available nutrients and organic carbon pools improved significantly across the different land use system. Due to intensive cultivation and monocropping, the fertility of soil is deteriorating day by day. Simultaneously it is creating a pressure on the natural resources like soil because the population is increasing day by day. Therefore, it is wise to use degraded and problematic soil for cultivation. Agroforestry systems have been recognized as an alternative for the rehabilitation of degraded areas and it provides ecosystem services and reduces human impacts on natural forests (Nair et al., 2009). Tree based land use systems have special role in reclamation of wastelands, use of poor-quality waters, organic carbon build up and moderating climate change related risks. In areas of Haryana and Rajasthan trees like Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica and Ailanthus excels are more beneficial under adverse environments due to their drought hardiness, resistance to inhospitable climate and assured economic returns. These tree species can be grown on soils having poor fertility, moisture deficit and high soil temperature.

Keywords

Tree leaf litterfall, nutrients, organic carbon pools of soil.

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N. L. Selokar ¹, M. K. Singh ¹, S. S. Lathwal ¹, S. Chand ¹, R. Verma ¹, K. Patel ¹, G. Tripathi ¹, R. Meena ¹, M. S. Chauhan ¹, Ajay Aswal ²

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, IN
2 Uttarakhand Livestock Development Board, Dehradun 248 001, IN

Abstract

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