Informatics Publishing Limited

Vivek Deshpande ¹, J. B. Helonde ², Vijay Wadhai ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Information Technology, MIT College of Engineering, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune-38, IN
2 ITM College of Engineering, Nagpur, IN
3 MIT College of Engineering, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune-38, IN

Abstract

Each node in Wireless Sensor Networks can communicate directly with other nodes in its radio communication range. If the destination node is not within the transmission range of the source node, the source node takes help of the intermediate nodes to communicate with the destination node by relaying the messages hop by hop. Hence the mutual cooperation and contribution of packet forwarding among the nodes in the network is needed. However, since the sensor nodes in this network are constrained with limited resources, such as CPU, battery, channel bandwidth and etc, some nodes in the network might not be willing to cooperate for the packet transmission, in order to save their resources. Each node has the goal to maximize its own benefits by enjoying network services and at the same time minimizing its contribution, so nodes may tend to be selfish. A selfish node does not intend to directly damage othernodes, but is unwilling to spend battery life, CPU cycles, or available network bandwidth to forward packets not of direct interest to it, even though it expects others to forward packets on its behalf. Consequently, cooperative behavior, such as unconditionally forwarding packets for others, cannot be taken for granted. The selfish behavior can significantly damage network performance.

Keywords

Selfish Node, Wireless Sensor Networks.

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Vivek Deshpande ¹, Prachi Sarode ¹, Sambhaji Sarode ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Information Technology, MIT College of Engineering, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune-38, IN

Abstract

Wireless sensor network consist of sparse deployment of sensor nodes which generates data and need to transmit towards base station also called as sink, where the data get processed. Most of the time WSN deals with light load but when an interesting event occur it generate huge amount of data and transmit towards sink which intern causes congestion near the sink. The congestion result in arbitrary dropping of data, packets that reduces the overall network throughput. This motivates congestion control in wireless sensornetwork. To address this issue we need transport layer protocol which give reliable and congestion free network. In this paper, we first we discuss core functionalities, responsibilities and the need of the Transport Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks to address the upstream and downstreamcongestion control and reliability guarantee and review of some existing work that helps to summarize the existing transport layer problems in order to solve it. We mainly emphasizes on the various parameters, which help us to avoid the congestion in the wireless sensor networks. The parameters are: node density, non-linear or unbalanced distribution of load, input/output flow rate, processing / service time of node and reliability of network.

Keywords

Wireless Sensor Network, Wireless Communication, Congestion Control, Transport Layer Protocol.

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Vivek Deshpande ¹, Aparna Kamble ¹

Affiliations
1 MIT College of Engineering, Pune, IN

Abstract

The wireless sensor networks are the future of the networks, which depends on the number of applications. As we are talking about the network we have to consider the protocol, which is to be used to increase the performance of the network. Most of the time protocol used is not only for wired media but also for wireless is OSI protocol stack. Now a days most of the researchers focusing on cross layer design to increase the performance of the network by sharing the information between different layers. In this paper we focus on proposed design issues of cross layer design. The approach is to investigate the effects of the wireless channel and the physical layer performance of a small-scale wireless sensor network (WSN) to develop insights that can be used in the design and development of the optimization agent in the proposed cross-layer framework.

Keywords

Wireless Sensor Network, Protocol, Cross Layer Design, Cross-layer Framework, NDMA.

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Akshay M. Atole ¹, Apurva D. Asmar ¹, Nikhil R. Nemade ¹, Kailash P. Tambe ¹, Vivek Deshpande ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Engineering, M.I.T. College of Engineering, S.No.124, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune - 411 038, Maharashtra, IN
2 Department of Information Technology, M.I.T. College of Engineering, S.No.124, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune - 411 038, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Objective: Performance analysis of QoS parameters of wireless sensor network by varying the density of the network (Number of Nodes) using NS-2. The performance metrics considered are packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay, routing overheads, average energy consumed and average residual energy etc. Methods/Analysis: Using NSG tool, scenarios with varying density are formed in 1000*1000 m*m area. NS2 is used to simulate the working of a network. AODV protocol is used for routing and CBR is used for traffic generation in network. Results: Packet delivery ratio decreases and routing overhead, delay increases as the number of nodes in the network increases. Throughput initially increases but starts decreasing after threshold point i.e, 50 nodes. It can be said that energy consumption decreases and residual energy increases with increasing density. Conclusion: From all the results it can be said that for constant reporting rate and packet size , 50 nodes scenario gives optimum result for all the parameters.

Keywords

Density, QoS parameters, WSN.

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Nikhil Kothawade ¹, Amar Biradar ¹, Ketan Kodmelwar ¹, K. P. Tambe ¹, Vivek Deshpande ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Engineering, M.I.T. College of Engineering, S.No.124, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune - 411 038, Maharashtra, IN
2 Department of Information Technology, M.I.T. College of Engineering, S.No.124, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune - 411 038, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Objective: To analyse the performance of QoS parameters of wireless sensor network by variation in reporting rate using NS-2. The performance metric considered as packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay, routing overheads, avg. energy consumed and avg. residual energy etc. Methods/Analysis: Using NSG tool, 50 nodes are deployed in 1000*1000 m*m area. The nodes 25, 31, 5 are considered as source node and node 3 as sink node. The AODV protocol is considered as packet transmission and CBR is used for traffic generation in network. Findings: To measure the performance of QoS parameters such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay, routing overheads, avg. energy consumed and avg. residual energy with 50 nodes were kept static. The graphs plotted by keeping performance metric at Y-axis and reporting rate on X-axis considered as 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 etc. The analysis of performance of QoS parameters shows that for packet delivery ratio the ideal reporting rate is 20 packets per second. As the reporting rate increases delay increases gradually due to congestion. Also the throughput and routing overheads are increased with increasing reporting rate. Minimum energy consumption at 5 packets per second and maximum energy consumes at 50 packets per second. Conclusion: 20 pps is best reporting rate of transmission of packets for proposed network.

Keywords

Delay, Energy, QoS Parameters, Reporting Rate, Throughput, WSN.

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