Informatics Publishing Limited

Bimal K. Bhattacharya ¹, Robert O. Green ², Sadasiva Rao ³, M. Saxena ¹, Shweta Sharma ¹, K. Ajay Kumar ¹, P. Srinivasulu ³, Shashikant Sharma ¹, D. Dhar ¹, S. Bandyopadhyay ⁴, Shantanu Bhatwadekar ⁴, Raj Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA 91109, IN
3 National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Hyderabad 500 625, IN
4 Earth Observation Science Directorate, Indian Space Research Organisation, Bengaluru 560 231, IN

Abstract

The first phase of an airborne science campaign has been carried out with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) imaging spectrometer over 22,840 sq. km across 57 sites in India during 84 days from 16 December 2015 to 6 March 2016. This campaign was organized under the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) joint initiative for HYperSpectral Imaging (HYSI) programme. To support the campaign, synchronous field campaigns and ground measurements were also carried out over these sites spanning themes related to crop, soil, forest, geology, coastal, ocean, river water, snow, urban, etc. AVIRIS-NG measures the spectral range from 380 to 2510 nm at 5 nm sampling with a ground sampling distance ranging from 4 to 8 m and flight altitude of 4–8 km. On-board and ground-based calibration and processing were carried out to generate level 0 (L0) and level 1 (L1) products respectively. An atmospheric correction scheme has been developed to convert the measured radiances to surface reflectance (level 2). These spectroscopic signatures are intended to discriminate surface types and retrieve physical and compositional parameters for the study of terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric properties. The results from this campaign will support a range of objectives, including demonstration of advanced applications for societal benefits, validation of models/techniques, development of state-of-the-art spectral libraries, testing and refinement of automated tools for users, and definition of requirements for future space-based missions that can provide this class of measurements routinely for a range of important applications.

Keywords

Airborne Science Campaign, Hyperspectral Sensing, Imaging Spectrometer, Surface Reflectance.

Full Text

   

Ishmohan Bahuguna ¹, Bhanu Prakash Rathore ¹, Avtar Singh Jasrotia ², Surjeet Singh Randhawa ³, Santosh Kumar Singh Yadav ⁴, Sadiq Ali ², Nishtha Gautam ³, Joyeeta Poddar ⁴, Madhukar Srigyan ¹, Abhishek Dhanade ¹, Purvee Joshi ¹, Sushil Kumar Singh ¹, Dhani Ram Rajak ¹, Shashikant Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad 380 015, India
2 Department of Remote Sensing, University of Jammu, Jammu 180 006, India
3 Himachal Pradesh Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Shimla 171 009, India
4 Remote Sensing Applications Centre-Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226 021, India

Abstract

We present the observed area changes in 5234 glaciers (out of which 3435 are debris-free) of Himalaya–Kara­koram (H–K) region, mapped at a scale of 1 : 25,000 using primarily IRS LISS III data between the years 2001 and 2016/2017/2018. Area change is a direct observable parameter in the monitoring of glaciers. The mapping results have been analysed in different sectors of H–K region. In the Karakoram region, 2143 glacier bodies with an area coverage of 18343.39 km2 show a gain of 0.026%, whereas in Himalayan region, 3091 glaciers covering an area of 11451.53 km2 show a loss of 1.44% over a span of 17 years. Loss in glacier area in Himalayan region varies from 0.76% in sub-basins located in the left side of NW flowing Indus River (N–W Himalaya/J&K and Ladakh), 2.2% in Chenab and Sutlej basins (Western Himalaya/Himachal Pradesh), 0.84% in Ganga basin (West-Central Himalaya/Uttarakhand), 2.16% in Ganga basin (Central Himalaya/Nepal and a few glaciers of Tibetan region) and 2.15% in Tista sub-basin (Eastern Himalaya/Sikkim). The mapping uncertainty is less than 0.01%. The results also show that debris free glaciers are more vulnerable to global warming thereby affirming the earlier theories of differential impact of warming on debris free and debris covered glaciers. Overall, the statistics clearly indicate the effect of latitudinal variations on the gain/loss in the area of glaciers from higher to lower latitudes in addition to microclimatic and geomorphological factors

Keywords

Ablation, accumulation, glacier retreat, snout, latitudinal variation

Full Text

   

Shashikant Sharma ¹, Sunil Kumar Gupta ¹, Mukesh Pandey ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Energy Technology, RGTU, Bhopal – 462001, Madhya Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Solar radiation incident on green plant and other photo synthesis organism performs two basic functions such as temperature control for chemical reaction to proceed and the process of photosynthesis. The fundamental conversion process in green plant is photosynthesis which is process of combining CO₂ from the atmosphere with water and light energy to produce oxygen and carbohydrates1. X [CO₂] + Y [H₂O] + light energy photosynthesis X[O₂] + Y [Cx H₂O] Y [Cx H₂O] is used to indicate the carbohydrates. The world population has increased at an explosive rate from 1.65 billion to just over 6 billion in the 20thcentury, and continues to increase. In the same century, mankind has consumed over 875 billion barrels of oil and it is very likely that even more oil will be consumed in the present century. Annual energy use in developing countries has risen from 55 to 212 kg oil equivalent over the last thirty years, while developed countries use as much as 650 kg oil equivalent per person. In his synopsis ‘Trilemma’ Three major problems threatening world survival’, foresees a three-fold challenge in the 21st century: how can we achieve economic growth, supply food and energy resources, while conserving the environment? To overcome the Trilemma, developing and introducing more efficient energy conversion technologies is therefore important, for fossil fuels as well as renewable fuels. This thesis addresses the question how biomass may be used more efficiently and economically than it is being used today. Wider use of biomass, a clean, renewable and CO2 neutral feedstock may extend the lifetime of our fossil fuels resources and alleviate global warming problems. Another advantage of using of biomass as a source of energy is to make developed countries less interdependent on oil- exporting countries, and thereby reduce political tension. Furthermore, the economies of agricultural regions growing energy crops benefit as new jobs are created1. Biomass primary energy sources: Past, present and future in particular wood, has historically been an important energy source for fires, ovens and stoves. During the Industrial Revolution, coal displaced biomass because of its high energy content and because it is available in large quantities at low cost. At the beginning of the 20th century, oil supplied only 4 % of the world’s energy. Decades later it became the most important energy source. Especially developed countries are highly dependent on oil, which supplies about 96 % of their transportation energy. With world energy demand projected to rise by about 40 % from now to 2020, photosynthesis. Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwvidhalaya implemented the National Policy for Management of Crop Residues to protect the parali (crop residue). On December 10, 2015, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) had banned crop residue burning in the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Burning crop residue is a crime under Section 188 of the IPC and under the Air and Pollution Control Act of 1981. The Delhi high court had also ordered against burning residues, while Punjab government imposed a penalty of Rs 73.2 lakh farmers in 2016 for burning of crop residue³.

Keywords

National Green Tribunal (NGT), Parali, Photosynthesis, Trilemma’ Moisture content (MC), Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM)

Full Text