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Sushant Bhardwaj ¹, Yadvika ², Satyakaam Malik ³, V. K. Singh ⁴, Amandeep Singh ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Processing and Food Engineering, COAE&T, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Renewable & Bioenergy Engineering, CCSHAU Hisar, Haryan, IN
3 Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Haryana, IN
4 Department of Processing and Food Engineering COAE&T, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
5 College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, IN

Abstract

In this study fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds of variety HM-57 were dried in solar regenerated desiccant seed dryer. In this dryer, seeds can be dried in deep bed at a safe temperature for good shelf-life, germination and vigour index. The dryer has following significance over common methods of drying, generally vegetable seeds are dried in shade, which has very low drying rate and can be harmful to the seeds. Under natural drying conditions, micro organisms may develop, as moisture takes longer to be removed. Also in natural drying seeds holds moisture for longer period than advisable, due to this there is acceleration in respiration rate which causes a C02 release and water vapour and causes a significant decrease in physiological quality of seeds. The dryer has two chambers i.e. air conditioning chamber and seed drying chamber. It operates in seed drying and desiccant regeneration mode. Moisture removal from drying air has been done using silica gel desiccant. Fenugreek were dried with hot and dehumidified air at five different drying air temperatures i.e. 3 8, 40,42,44 and 46° C and at five different air flow rates i.e., 1,1.2,1.4,1.6 and 1.8 m3/min.. Germination percentage of fenugreek seeds varied from 78 - 67% as temperature varied between 38-46° C, and vigour index varied from 1349.4 - 911.2. After this study, dryer was found to be better alternative for drying high priced vegetable seeds.

Keywords

Desiccant Drying, Germination Percentage, Regeneration, Vigour Index.

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Sushant Bhardwaj ¹, Yadvika ², Ravi Prakash ³, Satyakaam Malik ⁴, V. K. Singh ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department ofProeessing and Food Engineering, COAE&T, CCS Haryana Agrieultnral University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Renewable & Bioenergy Engineering, CCS Haryana Agrieultnral University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
3 Department of Proeessing and Food Engineering, COAE&T, CCS Haryana Agrieultnral University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
4 Extension Edueation Institute Nilokheri, IN
5 Department ofProeessing and Food Engineering COAE&T, CCS Haryana Agrieultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN

Abstract

In the present study Shri Devi Bhavan Dairy farm Complex was selected for the energy auditing. It consists of three sections (i) Dairy farm, (ii) School, (iii) Temple Complex. The survey was carried out for the basic data collection regarding energy demands and resources availability in all the sections. The data was analyzed for determining total energy demand and resources availability in all sections. The survey of major activities related to use of thermal, electrical, mechanical and human energy was conducted and total energy demand and energy use pattern was also studied in this selected area. The data for energy demands and resource availability in Devi Bhavan Dairy farm Complex were collected with the help of well structured questionnaire developed for the purpose. The type of energy sources utilized in the dairy farm complex was electrical, thermal, mechanical and manual. The electrical energy was the only source of energy used in School and Temple Complex. The value of manual, electrical, thermal and mechanical energy required per month for dairy farm was 5997.6, 1509.2, 27600 and 9540 MJ/Month respectively. In case of school and temple complex demand of electrical energy per month was 2216.16 and 5715.36 MJ/Month respectively.

Keywords

Energy Auditing, Electrical Energy, Dairy Farm, School and Temple.

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Satyakaam Malik ¹, Atul Dhingra ¹, Suman Ghalawat ¹, Dalip Bishnoi ², Manoj Goyal ³, A. K. Godara ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
3 Department of Statistics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
4 Department of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN

Abstract

The quality of agricultural and rural development training can be improved through proper training of trainers. However, the progress of extension trainer training in India has been slow and gradual. With the ever-changing technological environment, existing skills become obsolete and new skills are constantly needed. Effective training requires sensitivity beyond subject matter knowledge to effectively teach adult learners. Additionally, Indian agriculture has experienced a shift from production-oriented technology to market-oriented knowledge and technology due to globalization and the WTO regime. This highlights the need to strengthen efforts for training of trainers through a systematic approach. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of training programs conducted by the EEI by analysing the feedback and responses of trainers, taking into account their demographics.

Keywords

agriculture, demography, impact, training, trainers.

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Preety Sihan ¹, Ashok Kumar ¹, Satyakaam Malik ², Rajesh Kumar ¹, Anil Kumar ³, K.K. Yadav ¹, Jasvinder Kaur ²

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 EEI Nelokheri, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Nelokheri, Haryana, IN
3 KVK Yamunanagar, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Nelokheri, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as the primary staple food for over half of the world's population and is believed to be the first cultivated crop globally. In Asia, 90-95 per cent of the world's total rice production occurs. Burning crop residues not only results in economic loss but also causes environmental pollution, poses hazards to human health, produces greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, and leads to the loss of plant nutrients such as N, P, K, and S. Agricultural byproducts, such as crop residues, can be repurposed for a multitude of applications, such as bioenergy, biofuel, briquetting, pelleting, composting, and various industrial uses. In order to maintain sustainable soil health over extended periods of time, it is recommended that a significant proportion of crop residues be conserved either by leaving them on the soil surface or by integrating them into the soil. Therefore, proficient residue management is a critical component of the practise of conservation agriculture. Personality traits are known to influence farmers' knowledge levels; thus, this study examined the relationship between selected independent variables and farmers' knowledge and adoption levels concerning paddy straw management techniques in Haryana. The results showed that among the 11 selected independent variables, education, socio-economic status, mass media exposure, and extension contact were positively and significantly correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels at a 0.01 level of probability. In contrast, landholding, farm implements, and irrigation facilities were positively but non-significantly correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels concerning paddy straw management techniques. Regression analysis revealed that the selected independent variables collectively accounted for 67.33 per cent and 56.89 per cent of the variation in farmers' knowledge and adoption levels, respectively.

Keywords

paddy, residue, knowledge, adoption, correlation, regration

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Virender Singh ¹, Ashok Kumar ¹, Satyakaam Malik ², Rajesh Kumar ¹, Anil Kumar ³, K.K. Yadav ¹, Jasvinder Kaur ²

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 EEI Nelokheri, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Nelokheri, Haryana, IN
3 KVK Yamunanagar, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Yamunanagar, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Post-harvest management is crucial for maintaining the quality and quantity of agricultural commodities after harvest. This study focuses on mango farmers in Yamunanagar district, Haryana, to improve their efficiency and scientific approach to post-harvest management practices. The study examined the relationship between selected independent variables and farmers' knowledge and adoption levels of post-harvest management practices. Results showed that education, mass media exposure, and extension contact positively correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels at a 0.01 level of probability. Caste, family size, annual income, landholding, farm implements, and irrigation facilities were positively but non-significantly correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels. Regression analysis revealed that the selected independent variables collectively accounted for 63.33% and 52.47% of the variation in farmers' knowledge and adoption levels, respectively.

Keywords

mango, technology, harvesting, adoption, economic, correlation, regression

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Satyakaam Malik ¹, Jasvinder Kaur ², Kailash Saini ³, Ashok Kumar ⁴, K.K. Yadav ⁴, Atul Dhingra ¹, Abhilash ⁵, Rekha Malik ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana, IN
3 ICAR Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agrasain Marg, Karnal, Haryana, IN
4 Directorate of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
5 ICAR Central Island, Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, IN

Abstract

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of various aspects related to training programs in agricultural extension services. The findings reveal important insights. Firstly, the majority of trainers (83.33%) serve as resource persons, while a smaller percentage (16.67%) function as organizers, indicating the distribution of roles and responsibilities among trainers. Secondly, the data on the number of training programs conducted by trainers highlights the varying levels of experience, with a range of program frequencies reported: less than five programs (10%), five to ten programs (40%), eleven to twenty programs (30%), and more than twenty programs (20%). These results provide valuable information for evaluating trainers' expertise and capability in delivering agricultural extension training programs. Thirdly, the background analysis of participants attending the training programs indicates that a significant majority (76.67%) come from state agricultural universities or agriculture departments, while a smaller percentage have backgrounds in non-agricultural departments (13.33%) or other categories (10%). These findings contribute to understanding the target audience and tailoring training content to meet their specific needs. Additionally, the effectiveness of utilizing state departments (90%) as a means of inviting trainees is highlighted, along with a smaller proportion being invited through general circulation letters (10%), suggesting potential avenues for improving participant reach and diversity. Furthermore, the perceptions of trainers regarding H.R training as a tool for improving work performance reveal that a majority view it as a means to enhance employee efficiency (36.67%) or to change attitude, knowledge, and skills (26.67%). A smaller proportion believes it will improve agricultural production (16.67%), while 20% consider it primarily for improving technical skills. Lastly, the impact of H.R training on trainers' behaviour is explored, with 40% reporting being "too much affected," 43.33% indicating that the effect is evident, and 16.67% stating that it may affect their behavior. These findings emphasize the significance of understanding how delivering H.R training can shape trainers' behaviour. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into trainer roles, program frequency, participant backgrounds, invitation approaches, perceptions of H.R training, and its impact on trainers' behaviour in agricultural extension services, enabling informed decision-making, improved program effectiveness, and enhanced training experiences.

Keywords

agriculture, extension, impact, training, trainers.

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Satyakaam Malik ¹, Jasvinder Kaur ², Abhilash ³, Atul Dhingra ¹, Rekha Malik ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana, IN
3 ICAR–Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, IN
4 ICAR–Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agrasain Marg, Karnal, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Improving the quality of agricultural and rural development training requires proper preparation of trainers. However, the progress of extension trainer training in India has been slow and lacking. The ever-evolving technological landscape renders existing competencies obsolete, necessitating the acquisition of new skills. Effective training should go beyond subject matter expertise and cater to the needs of adult learners. Moreover, the globalization and WTO regime have caused a shift in Indian agriculture, focusing more on market-oriented knowledge and technology rather than production-oriented techniques. This emphasizes the urgency of implementing a systematic approach to strengthen trainer training efforts. Therefore, this study aims to assess the training needs of the trainees who participated in the program conducted by the Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana.

Keywords

agriculture, demography, impact, training, trainers

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Satyakaam Malik ¹, Jasvinder Kaur ², Abhilash ³, Atul Dhingra ¹, Rekha Malik ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana, IN
3 ICAR–Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, IN
4 ICAR–Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agrasain Marg, Karnal, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Enhancing the quality of agricultural and rural development training necessitates the appropriate preparation of trainers. However, the advancement of extension trainer training in India has been gradual and sluggish. Given the dynamic technological landscape, existing competencies become outdated, necessitating the acquisition of new skills. Effective training must extend beyond subject matter expertise to effectively educate adult learners. Furthermore, the globalization and WTO regime have prompted a shift in Indian agriculture from productionoriented technology to market-oriented knowledge and technology. This emphasizes the urgency of implementing a systematic approach to strengthen efforts in trainer training. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the content and tools employed in the Training Program for Agricultural Extension Services provided by the Extension Education Institute in Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana.

Keywords

agriculture, demography, impact, training, trainers.

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Satyakaam Malik ¹, Suman Ghalawat ², Atul Dhingra ², Abhilash ³, Rekha Malik ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
3 ICAR–Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, IN
4 ICAR–Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agrasain Marg, Karnal, Haryana, IN

Abstract

This research investigates various aspects related to the effectiveness of extension methods used by officers in the Agricultural department to impart knowledge and skills in agriculture. The study analyses the utilization of effective extension methods by officers and reveals that a majority (90%) of the officers utilize such methods while a small fraction (10%) does not. Additionally, the level of knowledge, attitude, and skill of agriculture officers regarding extension before attending training is examined. The findings indicate that officers have varying levels of understanding, with 56.67% having an average level, 26.67% having a high level, and only 16.67% having a very high level. The research also explores the role of HR training in enhancing the efficiency of agriculture officers through the development of soft skills. The results show that a significant majority of respondents (86.67%) believe that HR training is helpful or very helpful in improving officer efficiency, highlighting the importance of such training for performance enhancement. Moreover, the study examines the opinions regarding the requirement and extent of HR training for officers and employees in agriculture departments. The majority of respondents (83.33%) believe that HR training is very much required, emphasizing the perceived need for such training in the industry. Additionally, 90% of respondents believe that 90% of officers and employees in agriculture departments require HR training. Furthermore, the research assesses the effectiveness of different types of extension training based on the opinions of trainers. The results reveal a preference for on-campus training among 60% of trainers, while 40% believe that off-campus training is more fruitful. These findings suggest a notable difference in the perceived effectiveness of these training methods. The insights provided by this study can inform decision-making regarding the prioritization of extension training types to maximize their impact and success. Overall, this research paper sheds light on the effectiveness of extension methods, the importance of HR training, and the opinions on training requirements and types in the agriculture sector. The findings contribute to the understanding of training practices and can guide organizations in designing and implementing effective training programs for agriculture officers and employees.

Keywords

agriculture, extension, impact, training, trainers

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Satyakaam Malik ¹, Suman Ghalawat ², Atul Dhingra ², Abhilash ³, Rekha Malik ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Business Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
3 ICAR–Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, IN
4 ICAR–Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agrasain Marg, Karnal, Haryana, IN

Abstract

The efficacy of agricultural and rural development training can be enhanced through the appropriate training of trainers. Nevertheless, the advancement of extension trainer training in India has shown a sluggish and gradual progression. In the face of a rapidly evolving technological landscape, existing competencies become outdated, necessitating the acquisition of new skills. Effective training necessitates a nuanced understanding that extends beyond subject matter expertise to effectively engage adult learners. Moreover, Indian agriculture has undergone a transformation from production-oriented technology to market-oriented knowledge and technology, primarily driven by globalization and the regulations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This underscores the imperative to reinforce endeavors aimed at trainer training through a systematic approach. This study sought to investigate the correlation between training aspects, methods, and needs within the context of impactful training programs conducted at the Extension Education Institute in Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana.

Keywords

agriculture, demography, impact, training, trainers

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