Informatics Publishing Limited

S. Bhattacharya ¹, B. K. Mahapatra ¹

Affiliations
1 Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Deemed University (ICAR), Kolkata Centre, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700 091, IN

Abstract

Snakeheads, commonly called Murrells, constitute one of the main stay of natural fisheries of India that fetch high price as food fish as well as aquarium fish. Even Murrells are also used in sport fishery and attracted the anglers. As food fish they occupy the top most rank for their flesh quality, less spines, taste, flavour, nutritive value and high protein as well as energy diet. As ornamental fish they are preferred by the hobbyist due to their hardy nature and bright colouration especially in their juvenile stage. Out of the 35 species recorded and reported globally, India represent 14 Channa species, i.e., Channa amphibeus (McClelland, 1845), Channa andrao Britz, 2013, Channa argus argus (Cantor, 1842), Channa argus warpachowskii (L. S. Berg, 1909), Channa aurantimaculatus (Musikasinthorn 2000), Channa barca (Hamilton 1822), Channa bleheri (Vierke 1822), Channa gachua (Hamilton 1822), Channa marulius (Hamilton 1822), Channa melanostigma Geetakumari&Vishwanath, 2011, Channa orientalis Bloch&J. G. Schneider, 1801, Channa punctata (Bloch 1793), Channa stewartii (Playfair 1867) and Channa striata (Bloch 1793) from wide variety of habitats, viz., swamps, lakes, sluggish rivers, mountain torrents and coldwater upland waters with the altitudes ranging from near sea level to above 5000 metres asl. Apart from this, one introduced species Channa diplogramma (F. Day, 1865) has been recorded from Kerala. These above mentioned 14 species are now believed to be under the threatened category. Indiscriminate killing through poisoning, overexploitation of brood and juveniles, destruction of breeding ground, pollution mainly caused by coal mines and ecological imbalances due to the introduction of exotic species might have resulted in the dwindling of Snakehead fishery alarmingly. More over Murrells are also susceptible to dreadful diseases. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) particularly in colder climate of India causes a great loss in natural fishery.

However, Snakeheads, which are the most promising fishes of India, can be protected and conserved through concerted efforts from all the concerned stakeholders. Ban on the capture of juvenile ornamental fishes by seed collectors for aquarium trade should be enforced strictly. Captive breeding and farming and also ranching in major drainage would probably help in the enhancement of their stock. This would help in the development of sport fishery, ornamental fishery and also the overall fish production of the country.

Full Text

     

D. Mukhopadhyay ¹, S. Bhattacharya ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Presidency College, Calcutta, IN

Abstract

The deformed pebbles in the conglomerate show a large variation in the orientation of their longest axes as well as in the values of the axial ratios a' and b'. This has been interpreted as due to a nonspherical nature of the original pebbles. The effect of deformation has been separated from the effect of the original shape. It has been shown that a superficial analysis of the shape of deformed pebbles may give a wrong idea about the state of strain in the rocks, and the method by which the true amount of strain can be computed from dc:formed pebbles has been discussed.

Full Text

     

Utpal Bose ¹, A. K. Mathur ¹, K. C. Sahoo ², S. Bhattacharya ¹, Krishan Dutt ¹, V. Aneel Kumar ³, S. S. Sarkar ¹, S. Chowdhury ¹, I. Chowdhury ¹

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India, Jhalana Dungri, Jaipur - 302 004, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, Bhubaneswar - 751 012, IN
3 Geological Survey of India, Hyderabad - 500 660, IN

Abstract

The oldest cratonic nucleus pf the Western Indian shield, familiarly known as the Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC), occupies a large tract in the Mcwar plains of South Rajasthan. It has essentially an old gneissic component (3.3 Ga) and a host of mafic bodies associated with detrital and chemogenic sediments which have been subjected to multiple phases of anatexis and granite intrusions (2.9 Ga and later events). The emplacement of Berach granite and succeeding dolerite dyke swarms mark the end-Archaean cratonization process. This also initiated intracratonic and cratonmarginal basin formation.

Later magmatism, especially along the basement-cover interface. is due to local remobilisation of the basement at the time of Proterozoic orogeny.

Keywords

Banded Gneissic Complex, Stratigraphy, Petrochemistry, Rajasthan.

Full Text

     

K. L. Goyal ¹, R. K. Verma ¹, S. Bhattacharya ¹, H. Joshi ¹

Affiliations
1 Kesheva Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Dehradun, IN

Abstract

Normally, oil comes out from the reservoir with its own energy. However, this primary production averages 30% of oil inplace. Various enhanced recovery methods are used to bring a substantial percentage of the remaining oil to surface. The paper describes the evaluation and experimental procedures for evaluating a surfactant system and the expected additional recoveries. It also describes the importance and the essential measurement of all physico-chemical parameters viz. interfacial tension optimal salinity, solubilisation, adsorption and the flood studies carried out in the laboratories using actual reservoir rock and oil add a techno-economic analysis of the process.

Full Text

     

Rajib Kar ¹, S. Bhattacharya ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology J K College, Puruha - 723 101, IN
2 Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute 203 B T Road Kolkata 700035, IN

Abstract

Two types of high Mg-Al sapphirie granulites are noted from the area In and around Paderu, Eastern Ghats GranulIte belt, IndIa One is relatIvely more mafic, coarse gramed variety with crude internal foliation (type I) and the other is relatively fine grained, more fe/SiC and migmatitic variety wIth a promment foliation (type II) In thIs granulte belt Impress of three phases of folding could be detected, with corresponding fabric development Enclaves of type I varIety are preserved with in charnockite In the low stram zone core of mesoscopic F₂ folds, defined by S₁, streaky gneissIc fohation The crude mternal foItatIon m the enclave, dIscordant to S₁ of the host could be pre S₁ The bands of type II vanety together wIth mternal foItation, S₂ define F₂ folds Thus the high Mg Al sapphirine granulites preserve the Imprints of the early deformational fabric The mineral growth in them along with this fabric, indicating ultra high temperature metamorphism is correlatable to this early compressive deformation.

Keywords

Sapphirine Granulites, Deformation Structures, Fabric, Mineral Growth, Paderu, Eastern Ghats.

Full Text

     

N. Gupta ¹, S. Bhattacharya ¹, R. K. Sharma ¹, E. Narang ¹

Affiliations
1 NIMS Institute of Pharmacy , Shobha Nagar, Jaipur-303 121, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla, Bauhinia variegata and the whole plant of Leucas aspera. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,22 -azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging method. The antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. Ethanolic crude extract of the plant Leucas aspera showed maximum significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and H₂O₂ scavenging methods. The findings of the present study suggested that all the three plants could be a potential natural source of antioxidants and could have greater importance as therapeutic agent in preventing or slowing oxidative stress related degenerative diseases.

Keywords

Glycosmis pentaphylla, Leucas aspera, Bauhinia variegata, Antioxidant Activity.

Full Text

   

S. K. Maitra ¹, R. Dey ¹, S. Bhattacharya ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731 235, IN
2 Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713 104, IN

Abstract

Reproduction in most fishes is discontinuous or seasonal. Rhythms with a periodicity of one year represent major components in the adaptation of concerned fish to their environment. Environmental factors, such as light and temperature, play an important role in the synchronization of this rhythmic activity of reproduction. In vertebrates, synchronization is mediated through the system which is composed of sensors and circadian oscillators like the pineal organ, the lateral eyes and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The fish pineal seems to be involved in the timing and control of reproduction. On the basis of several experimental evidences, it is believed that the pineal is able to translate environmental information (photoperiod, temperature) into rhythmic messages. To date, two kinds of signals have been clearly identified, a nervous signal and a neurohormonal signal, i.e., melatonin. Whereas the functional significance of the nervous signal is not yet clearly understood, there is increasing evidence that in at least temperate zone vertebrates, melatonin is the chemical messenger of photoperiod (Zeitgeber). In contrast to the neuronal message, elaborated mainly (if not exclusively) by the pineal of ectotherms, melatonin appears to be a conservative signal in the vertebrate phylum. In all the species investigated so far, melatonin production is high during nighttime and low during daytime. Despite this apparent homogeneity, the involvement of the pineal in the temporal organization of reproduction, as well as the mechanisms by which the photic information is processed in the control of gonadal germ maturation in fish have been the matter of great interest. Molecular mechanism involved in photoreceptor-induced pathway in fish is yet to be known, without which benefit from such information remains unveiled.

Keywords

Fish, Light, Pineal, Reproduction.

Full Text

     

Govind Murmu ¹, S. Bhattacharya ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics Engg Indian School of Mines Dhanbad - 826 004, IN

Abstract

Objectives: In this paper, a novel algorithm based on Transform Domain Least Mean Square (TDLMS) is proposed for Blind Source Separation (BSS). The proposed algorithm is compared with several other BSS algorithms in detail and the results are discussed extensively. Methods/Statistical Analysis: To solve the problem of BSS employing the present approach, the ordinary gradient used in conventional LMS algorithm is replaced by natural gradient on the Stiefel manifold. The natural gradient is computed from a cost function based on Bussgang criterion. The proposed algorithm is compared with previously reported LMS type and Recursive Least Square (RLS) type algorithms for four different performance criteria – cross–talk error convergence, harmonic distortion in recovered signals, average deviation from orthogonality of demixing matrix and time complexity. Findings: Using simulations it is found that the proposed algorithm has best cross-talk error-convergence and least harmonic distortion as compared to other algorithms. However, the average deviation from orthogonality for demixing matrix and average simulation time for the proposed algorithm are comparable to LMS-type algorithms and estimates 35% as compared to RLS-type algorithms. Application/Improvements: The use of natural gradient and the pre-whitening process improves the performance of the algorithm. This algorithm is applied to separate signals from its mixture.

Keywords

Bussgang Criterion, Bind Source Separation (BSS), Cost-Function, LMS type BSS, Natural Gradient, RLS type BSS.

Full Text

   

S. Bhattacharya ¹

Affiliations
1 ESAB INDIA LIMITED, Thane, IN

Abstract

In the competitive world of welding consumables market the basic properties of the weld deposit like chemical and mechanical properties do not differ considerably to influence selection of a specific brand over the other. Selection is often decided on the basis of ease of welding, aesthetic aspects, reliability of the product etc., besides economic considerations. The ease of welding that is slag detachability, ease of striking and restriking of arc, capacity to absorb fluctuations in welding parameters etc., thus assumes high commercial importance.

Full Text