Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Pervez, Rashid
- Effect of Temperature on the Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Shoot Borer (Conogethes punctiferalis Guen.) Infesting Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
Abstract Views :372 |
PDF Views:138
Authors
Affiliations
1 Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode (Kerala) 673 012, IN
1 Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode (Kerala) 673 012, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 29, No 4 (2015), Pagination: 187-193Abstract
The attachment, penetration, infectivity and multiplication of eight native isolates of Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01), Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02), Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 03), S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06), Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04, 05, and 08) and O. gingeri were tested against larvae of Conogethes punctiferalis at different temperatures viz., 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The temperature significantly affected attachment, penetration, pathogenicity and multiplication ability of infective juveniles (IJs) of all tested EPNs. Among the test temperatures, maximum mortality of larvae was found at 30°C followed by 25°C, whereas the least mortality was recorded at 20 and 35°C. Maximum number of infective juveniles was multiplied at 30°C, however minimum multiplication was recorded at 35°C. Among the test EPNs, no multiplication of Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01), Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 03) and O. gingeri was recorded at 20°C. IJs attached to larvae of C. punctiferalis in higher number after 6 h at 25 and 30°C. Whereas, maximum number of IJs penetrated into C. punctiferalis larvae at 30°C. Therefore, the optimal temperature for infection and development for all promising EPNs was 30°C.Keywords
Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Ginger, Shoot Borer, Temperature.References
- Ali S S, Pervez R, Hussain M A, Ahmad R. 2007. Effect of temperature on survival of Steinernema seemae and S. masoodi and S. carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and their subsequent infectivity to prepupa of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Archieves of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 40 (3): 183 -187.
- Ali S S, Ahmad R, Hussain M A, Pervez R. 2005. Pest Management of Pulses through Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Army press, Lucknow India p. 159.
- Ali S S, Pervez R, Hussain M A, Ahmad R. 2008. Susceptibility of three lepidopteran pests to five entomopathogenic nematodes and in vivo mass production of these nematodes. Archieves of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 41 (4): 300–304.
- Aydin H. 2005. Competitive abilities of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in the same host at different temperatures. Turkish Journal of Biology 29: 35-39.
- Belair G, Fournier Y, Dauphinais N. 2003. Efficacy of steinernematid nematodes against three insect pests of crucifers in Quebec. Journal of Nematology 35: 259-265.
- Bilgrami A L, Gaugle, R. 2007. Effects of various stress factors on heat tolerance by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae. Nematology 9(2): 161-167.
- Blackshaw R P, Newell C R. 1987. Studies on temperature limitations to Heterorhabditis heliothidis activity. Nematologica 33: 180-185.
- Caroli L, Glazer I, Gaugler R. 1996. Entomopathogenic nematodes infectivity assay: comparison of penetration rate into different hosts. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 227–233.
- Chen S, Li J, Han X, Moens M. 2003. Effect of temperature on the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) to Delia radicum. Bio Control 48: 713–724.
- Choo H Y, Lee D W, Yoon H S, Lee S M, Hang D T. 2002. Effects of temperature and nematode concentration on pathogenicity and reproduction of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 41: 269-277.
- David H, Kurup N K. 1988. Techniques for mass production of Sturmiopsis inferens Tns., pp. 87–92. In: David, H., Easwaramoorthy, S. (Eds.). Biocontrol Technology for Sugarcane Pest Management. Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India.
- Devasahayam S, Eapen S J, Jacob T K, Pervez R. 2012. Pests. pp. 332-347. In: Singh, H. P., Parthasarthy, V. A., Kandianan, K., Krishnamurthy, K. S. (Eds.). Zingiberaceous crops (present and future cardamom, ginger, turmeric and others). Westville publishing house, New Delhi.
- Doucet M M A, de Miranda M B, Bertolotti M. A, Caro K A, Doucet M M A. 1996. Efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (strain OLI) in relation to temperature, concentration and origin of the infective juvenile. Nematropica 26(2): 129-133.
- Fan X, Hominick W M. 1991. Effects of low storage temperature on survival and infectivity of two Steinernema species (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Revue de Nématologie 14: 407–412.
- Gaugler R, Kaya H K. 1990. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 365.
- Griffin C T. 1993. Temperature responses of entomopathogenic nematodes: Implications for the success of biological control programmes. pp. 115-126. In: Bedding, R.., Akhurst, R., Kaya, H. (Eds.). Nematodes and the biological control of insect pests. CSIRO Publishing.
- Jian F, Jayas D S, White N D G, Muir W E. 2002. Temperature and geotaxis preference by Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adults in response to 5 degrees C/m temperature gradients at optimum and hot temperatures in stored wheat and their mortality at high temperature. Environental Entomology 31: 816-826.
- Karunakar G, David H, Easwaramoorthy S. 1992. Influence of temperature on infectivity, penetration and multiplication of Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis indicus on mortality of the host and multiplication of infective juveniles in sugarcane inter node borer, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus. Journal of Biological Control 6: 26-28.
- Kaya H K. 1977. Development of the DD-136 strain of Neoaplectana carpocapsae at constant temperatures. Journal of Nematology 9: 346-349.
- Kaya H K, Stock S P. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. pp. 281–324. In: Lacey, L. A. (Ed.). Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology. Academic Press, San Diego CA.
- Kaya H K, Hara A H. 1981. Susceptibility of various species of Lepidoptera pupae to the entomogenous nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae. Journal of Nematology 13: 291-294.
- Koya K M A, Balakrishnan R, Devasahayam S, Banerjee S K. 1986. A sequential sampling strategy for the control of shoot borer (Dichorocis punctiferalis Guen.) in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in India. Tropical Pest Management 32: 343-346.
- Kung S P, Gaugler R, Kaya H K. 1991. Effects of soil temperature, moisture and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57: 242-249.
- Menti H, Wright D J, Perry R N. 2000. Infectivity of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis megidis in relation to temperature, age and lipid content. Nematology 2 (5): 515-521.
- Molyneux A S. 1985. Survival of infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. (Nematoda: Rhabditida) at various temperatures and subsequent infectivity for insects. Revue de Nématologie 8: 165–170.
- Mwaitulo S, Haukeland S, Saethre M G, Laudisoit A, Maerere A P. 2011. First report of entomopathogenic nematodes from Tanzania and their virulence against larvae and adults of the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 31(3): 154–161.
- Nybe E.V. 2001. Three Decadeds of Spices Research at KAU. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India. pp 234.
- Pervez R. 2010. Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against different instar larvae of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera infesting chickpea. Current Nematology, 21(2): 17 -21.
- Pervez R, Ali S S, Ahmad R. 2008. Effect of temperatures on the emergence of entomopathogenic nematodes. International Journal of Nematology 18(1): 25-28.
- Pervez R, Eapen S J, Devasahayam S, Jacob T K. 2012. Efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes against insect pests of ginger and their multiplication. Nematologia Mediterranea 40(1): 39-44.
- Pervez R, Eapen S J, Devasahayam S, Jacob T K. 2013. A new species of entomopathogenic nematode Oscheius gingeri sp. n. from ginger rhizosphere. Archieves of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 46(5): 526-535.
- Premchandra D W T S, Borgemeister C, Berndt O, Ehlers R U, Poehling H. 2007. Laboratory bioassays of virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil inhabiting stages of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Nematology 5(4): 539-547.
- Rutherford T A, Trotter D, Webster J M. 1987. The potential of Heterorhabditis nematodes as control agent of ischolar_main weevils. Canadian Entomologist 119: 67–73.
- Sankaranarayanan C, Singaravelu B, Somasekhar N, Santhalakshmi G. 2011. Penetration and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to sugarcane early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus snellen (lepidoptera: crambidae). Journal of Biological control 25 (1): 1-4.
- Simoes N, Rosa J S. 1996. Pathogenicity and host specificity of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 403-411.
- Susurluk A. 2008. Influence of temperature on the vertical movement of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae (TUR-S3) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TUR-H2), and infectivity of the moving nematodes. Nematology 10(1): 137-141.
- Tomalak M. 2004. Infectivity of EPNs to soil-dwelling developmental stages of the tree leaf beetles Altica quercetorum and Agelastica alni. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 110: 125–133.
- Weiser J. 1955. Neoaplectana carpocapsae n. sp. (Anguillulata, Steinernematidae) novy cizopasnic housenik obalece jablecneho, Carpocapsa pomonella L. Vestnik Cesk. Zoology Spolecnosti 19: 44-52.
- Wouts W M, Mracek Z, Gerdin S, Bedding R A. 1982. Neoaplectana Steiner, 1929 a junior synonym of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Systematic Parasitology 4(2): 147-154.
- Eco-Friendly Management of Lepidopteran Insect Pests through Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Abstract Views :274 |
PDF Views:105
Authors
Rashid Pervez
1,
Uma Rao
1
Affiliations
1 Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110012, IN
1 Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110012, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 34, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 66-72Abstract
In a recent survey, we have isolated six entomopathogenic nematodes from Hapur, Shamli, Saharanpur and Meerut districts of western Uttar Pradesh. Preliminary identification at genus level classified one isolate as Heterorhabditis sp., two isolates as Steinernema spp. and three as Oscheius spp. These six newly isolated EPNs have been designated as Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 01), Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 02), Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 03), Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 04), Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 05) and Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06). All these were evaluated for infectivity against lepidopteran larvae, Maruca vitrata infesting pigeonpea, Pieris brassicae infesting mustard and Spodoptera litura infesting chickpea. Among the tested EPNs, Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 03), Oscheius sp. (IARIEPN RP 04), Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06) were found to be promising against M. vitrata as they showed 100% mortality within 48 h followed by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 01), Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 02) which took 72 h, while Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 05) took about 120 h to kill the insects. Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 02), Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 03) and Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06) gave 100% mortality of P. braissicae within 48 h followed by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN 04) and Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 05) that killed larvae after 72 h, while Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 01) took about 120 h. Lastly, Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 03) and Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN 06) were found promising for S. litura as both of them caused 100% mortality within 48 h followed by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 01), Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 02) and Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 05) that took 72 h, while, Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 04) was effective at about 120 h. The present results indicated that both Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 03) and Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06) were highly virulent against the tested lepidopteran insect pests. Further evaluation of these new EPN isolates under field conditions will indicate their utility in integrated pest management.Keywords
Biological Control, Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Insects, Lepidoptera.References
- Ali SS, Pervez R, Hussain MA, Ahmad R. 2008. Susceptibility of three lepidopteran pests to five entomopathogenic nematodes and in vivo mass production of these nematodes. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect.41: 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235400600759396
- Banu G J, Nguyen K B, Rajendran G. 2005. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in Kerala, India. Int J Nematol. 15: 9-16.
- Banu G J, Subahasan K, Iyer R. 2004. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in white grub endemic areas of Kerala. J Plantation Crops 32: 333-334.
- Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ. 1975. A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil. Nematologica 21: 109–110. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529275X00419
- Bedding RA, Molyneux AS, Akhurst RJ. 1983. Heterorhabditis spp., Neoaplectana spp., and Steinernema kraussei: interspecific and intraspecific differences in infectivity for insects. Exp Parasitol. 55: 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(83)90019-X
- Blackshaw RP. 1998. A survey of insect parasitic nematodes in Northern Ireland. Nematology 21: 109-110.
- Boag B, Neilson R, Gordon SC. 1992. Distribution and prevalence of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in Scotland. Ann Appl Biol. 121: 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1992.tb03448.x
- Chhetri HB, Waeyenberge L, Manandhar HK, Moens M. 2010. Natural occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Nepal. J Invertebr Pathol. 103 74–78.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.10.007 PMid:19836397
- Choo HY, Kaya HK, Stock SP. 1995. Isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from Korea. Japanese J Nematol.25: 45-52. https://doi.org/10.3725/jjn1993.25.1_44 Constant P, Marchay L, Fischer-Le Saux M,
- Briand-Panoma S, Mauleon H. 1998. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Guadeloupe islands. Fundamental Appl Nematol. 21: 667-672.
- David H, Kurup NK. 1988. Techniques for mass production of Sturmiopsis inferens Tns. pp. 87–92. In: David H.and Easwaramoorthy S. (Eds.). Biocontrol Technology for sugarcane pest management. Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India.
- Ehlers RU, Deseo KV, Stackebrandt E. 1991. Identification of Steinernema spp. (Nematoda) and their symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. from Italian and German soils. Nematology 37: 360-366. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529291X00358
- Ganguly S, Singh LK. 2000. Entomopathogenic nematodes distributed in Delhi and adjoining areas (Abst.), In: National congress on centenary of Nematology in India, Appraisal and future plans. IARI, New Delhi. pp. 118.
- Gaugler R, Kaya HK. 1990. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. pp. 365.
- Georgis R. 2004. Current and prospective markets for entomopathogenic nematodes. Int J Nematol. 14: 1–8.
- Griffin CT, Chaerani R, Fallon D, Reid AP, Downes MJ. 2000.Occurrence and distribution of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. J Helminthology 74: 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00000196 PMid:10881285
- Griffin CT, Downes MJ, Block W. 1990. Tests of Antartic soil for insect parasitic nematodes. Antartic Sci. 2: 221-222.https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410209000030X
- Hatting J, Stock SP, Hazir S. 2009. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in South Africa. J Invertebr Pathol.102: 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.003 PMid:19615373
- Hazir S, Keskin N, Stock SP, Kaya HK, Ozcan S. 2003. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Biodiversity Conserv. 12: 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021915903822
- Herrera RC, Escuer M, Labrador S, Robertson L, Barrios L, Gutierrez C. 2007. Distribution of the entomopathogenic nematodes from La Rioja (Northern Spain). J Invertebr Pathol. 95: 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2007.02.003 PMid:17386935
- Hominick WM, Briscoe BR, Garcıa del Pino F, Heng J, Hunt DJ, Kozodoy E, Mracek Z, Nguyen KB, Reid AP, Spiridonov S, Stock SP, Sturhan D, Waturu C, Yoshida M. 1997. Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: currents status, protocols and definitions.J Helminthology 71: 271–298. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00016096
- Iraki N, Salah N., Sansour MA, Segal D, Glazer I, Johnigk SA. 2000. Isolation and characterization of two entomopathogenic nematode strains, Heterorhabditis indica (Nematoda, Rhabditida), from the West Bank, Palestinian Territories. J Appl Entomol. 124: 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0418.2000.00450.x
- Josephrajkumar A, Sivakumar CV. 1997. A survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Entomol. 59: 45- 50.
- Karunakar G, Easwaramoorthy S, David H. 1999. Susceptibility of nine lepidopteran insects to Steinernema glaseri, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis indicus infection.Int J Nematol. 9: 68-71.
- Kaushal KK, Renuka R, Nawed SH, Siyanand. 2000. Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes in India. Ann Plant Protect Sci. 8: 119-121.
- Kaya HK, Stock SP. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. pp. 281–324. In: Lacey LA. (Ed.). Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology. Academic Press, San Diego CA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012432555-5/50016-6
- Lalramliana, Yadav AK. 2010. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Meghalaya, NE India. Sci Vis. 10: 89-100.
- Liao CY, Tang LC, Pai CF, Hsiao WF, Briscoe BR, Hou RF. 2001. A new isolate of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema abbasi (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), from Taiwan. J Invertebr Pathol. 77: 78-80. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.2000.4997
- Lorío LU, Mora M, Stock SP. 2005. First record of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Costa Rica. J Invertebr Pathol.88: 226-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2005.01.007 PMid:15955341
- Luc PV, Nguyen KB, Reid AP, Spiridonov SE. 2000.Steinernema tami sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Cat Tien Forest, Vietnam. Russian J Nematol. 8: 33-43.
- Mason JM, Razak AR, Wright DJ. 1996. The recovery of entomopathogenic nematodes from selected areas within Peninsular Malaysia. J Helminthology 70: 303–307.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00015595
- Menti H, Wright DJ, Perry RN. 2000. Infectivity of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis megidis in relation to temperature, age and lipid content. Nematology 2: 515-521. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854100509439
- Midituri JS, Waeyenberge L, Moens M. 1997. Natural distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) in Belgian soils. Russian J Nematol. 5: 55–65.
- Mracek Z, Becvar S, Kindlmann P, Jersakova J. 2005. Habitat preference for entomopathogenic nematodes, their insect hosts and new faunistic records for the Czech Republic.Biol Control 34: 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.03.023
- Ozer N, Keskin N, Kirbas Z. 1995. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae: Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Nematology 41: 639- 640. https://doi.org/10.1163/003925995X00576
- Parihar A, Siddique AU, Yadav YS, Ram B. 2002. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Rajasthan. In: Proceedings of National Symposium on Biodiversity and Management of Nematodes in Cropping Systems for Sustainable Agriculture. ARS, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan. pp. 80.
- Pervez R, Eapen SJ, Devasahayam S, Jacob TK. 2012. Efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes against insect pests of ginger and their multiplication. Nematol Mediterr. 40: 39-44.
- Pervez R. 2010. Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against different instar larvae of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera infesting chickpea. Curr Nematol. 21: 17-21.
- Pervez R, Ali SS. 2007. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes associated with chickpea ecosystem. Curr Nematol. 18: 19 -22.
- Pervez R, Eapen SJ, Devasahayam S, Jacob TK 2014. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes associated with ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) ecosystem in India. Indian J Nematol. 42: 238-245.
- Pervez R, Eapen SJ, Devasahayam S, Jacob TK. 2016. Eco-friendly management of shoot borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) infesting ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) through entomopathogenic nematodes.Curr Nematol. 27: 23-27.
- Pervez R, Jacob TK, Devasahayam S, Eapen SJ. 2014. Penetration and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against Lema sp. infesting turmeric. J Spices Aromatic Crops 23: 71-75
- Poinar GO Jr., Karunakar GK, David H. 1992. Heterorhabditis indicus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) from India: separation of Heterorhabditis spp. by infective juveniles. Fundamental Appl Nematol. 15: 467-472.
- Prasad GS, Ranganath HR, Singh PK. 2001. Occurrence of the entomopathogenic nematode in parts of south Andamans. Curr Sci. 80: 501-502.
- Premchandra DWTS, Borgemeister C, Berndt O, Ehlers RU, Poehling H. 2007. Laboratory bioassays of virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil inhabiting stages of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Nematology 5: 539-547.
- Rajkumar M, Parihar A, Siddiqui AU. 2001. Studies on entomopathogenic nematodes of Udaipur. In: Proceedings of National Congress of Centenary of Nematology in India: Appraisal and Future Plans. IARI, New Delhi, India. pp.118.
- Ricci M, Glazer I, Gaugler R. 1996. Entomopathogenic nematodes infectivity assay: comparison of laboratory bioassay. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 6: 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159650039421
- Rosa JS, Bonifassi E, Amaral J, Lacey A, Simoes N, Laumond C. 2000. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernema, Heterorhabditis) in the Azores. J Nematol. 32: 215-222. PMid:19270969 PMCid:PMC2620449
- Rosales ALC, Suarez HZ. 1998. Entomopathogenic nematodes as possible control agents of the banana ischolar_main borer weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) 1824 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bol Entomol Venez. 13: 123-140.
- Shishiniova M, Budurova L, Gradinarov D. 1998. Contribution to the fauna of the entomopathogenic nematodes/ rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae from Bulgaria II. Biotechnol Biotechnological Equip.12: 104108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.1998.10818975
- Simoes N, Rosa JS. 1996. Pathogenicity and host specificity of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Sci Technol.6: 403-411. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159631370
- Singh M, Sharma SB, GangaRao GV. 1992. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes at ICRISAT centre. Inter Ara News 1: 15-16.
- Steiner W. 1996. Distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Swiss Alps. Suisse J Zool. 103: 439-452. https:// doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79955
- Steinhorst JW. 1966. Killing nematodes for taxonomic study with hot FA 4:1. Nematologica 12: 178. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529266X00239
- Stock SP, Kaya HK. 1996. A multivariate analysis of morphometric characters of Heterorhabditis species and the role of morphometrics in the taxonomy of the species of the genus. J Parasitology 82: 806-813. https:// doi.org/10.2307/3283895 PMid:8885892
- Stock SP, Pryor BM, Kaya HK. 1999. Distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in natural habitats in California, USA. Biodivers Conserv. 8: 535-549. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008827422372
- Sturhan D, Liskova M. 1999. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Slovak Republic. Nematology 1: 273-277. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854199508261
- Tangchitsomkid N, Sontirat S. 1998. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Thailand. Kasetsart J Natural Sci. 32: 347-354.
- Vyas RV. 2003. Entomopathogenic nematodes- a new tool for management of insect pests of crops. pp. 69-108. In: Hussaini SS, Rabindra, RJ. Nagesh M. (Eds.). Current Status of Research on Entomopathogenic nematodes in India. Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore, India.
- White GF. 1927. A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures. Science 66: 302-303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.66.1709.302-a PMid:17749713 Yoshida M, Reid A P, Briscoe B R, Hominick W M. 1998.
- Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Japan. Fund Appl Nematol. 21: 185-198.