Informatics Publishing Limited

Pradeep Sahu ¹, Alok Pandey ¹, Shardanand Sahani ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shilpi Chatterjee ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Raipur Institute of Technology, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur (C.G.) 492101, IN

Abstract

Mycorrhiza is a mutualistic association between fungi and higher plants . Different types of mycorrhizae occur, distinguished by their morphology and to a certain extent, in their physiology. These include the ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. The ectomycorrhizae characterized by an external sheath of fungal cells surrounding the ischolar_main, often penetrates between the cells of epidermis and the first few cells of cortex and the fungal hyphae typically infect the ischolar_mains of forest trees of the temperate region. While mycorrhizae endomycorrhizae like vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VA) fungi forms no sheath, the fungus infects the ischolar_main system of most cultivated crops and usually it invades several layers of the outer ischolar_main cortex. VA-fungal hyphae penetrate individual cells and form arbuscules within the cell and vesicles outside their host cells which led to their name. VA-fungi are associated with improved growth of many plant species due to increased nutrients uptake, production of growth promoting substances, tolerance to drought, salinity and transplant shock and synergistic interaction with other beneficial soil microorganisms such as N-fixers and P-solubilizer. Symbiotic association of plant ischolar_mains with VA-fungi often result in enhanced growth because of increased acquisition of phosphorus (P) and other low mobile mineral nutrients. Effective nutrient acquisition by VA-fungi is generally attributed to the extensive hyphal growth beyond the nutrient depletion zone surrounding the ischolar_main. Although a lack in growth response to VA-fungi inoculation in unsterilized soil was also recorded, this result has been attributed to the fact that native VA-fungi may provide the potential benefit of this mutualistic association.

Keywords

Mycorrhiza, Ectomycorrhizae, Endomycorrhizae, Mutualistic, Hyphae.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Neha Pinkalwar ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterjee ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

Biomarkers provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of disease with applications in observational and analytic epidemiology, randomized clinical trials, screening and diagnosis and prognosis. Defined as alterations in the constituents of tissues or body fluids, these markers offer the means for homogeneous classification of a disease and risk factors, and the can extend our base information about the underlying pathogenesis of disease. A prerequisite for the clinical use of biomarker is elucidation of the specific indication, standardization of analytical methods, characterization of analytical features, incremental yield of different markers for given clinical indications. Biomarkers can also reflect the entire spectrum of disease from the earliest manifestations to the terminal stages. The major use of biomarkers in clinical investigation.

Keywords

Diagnosis, Biomarker, Drug Developments, Disease, Clinical Investigation.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Swati Chaturvedi ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterjee ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. To improve the biodistribution of cancer drugs, nanoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. Nanoparticle has emerged as a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of drugs used in the treatment of cancer by avoiding the reticuloendothelial system, utilizing the enhanced permeability and retention effect and tumorspecific targeting. Delivery methods using nanoparticle are highlighted including both degradable and non-degradable polymers. The preparation techniques include emulsion polymerization, micelle polymerization, desolation of macromolecule, and emulsion-solvent evaporation methods. The particle size of the polymeric nanoparticle is in the nanometer range (10- 1000 nm) and is dependent on the method of preparation employed.

Keywords

Nanoparticles, Cancer, Reticuloendothelial System, Drug Delivery.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Munglu Matlam ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterji ¹, Shekhar Verma ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethno pharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals viz; Simple phenols and phenolic acids (spp.2) Quinones (spp.3) Flavones, flavonoids, and flavonol (spp.3), Tannins (spp.7) coumarins, (spp.1), Terpenoids and Essential Oils (spp.19), Alkaloids (spp.9) Lectins and polypeptides (spp.5) ,mixture (spp.4), other compounds (spp.1) and new antimicrobial plant origins (spp.7) are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Munglu Matlam ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterji ¹, Shekhar Verma ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethno pharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals viz; Simple phenols and phenolic acids (spp.2) Quinones (spp.3) Flavones, flavonoids, and flavonol (spp.3) , Tannins (spp.7) coumarins, (spp.1), Terpenoids and Essential Oils (spp.19), Alkaloids (spp.9) Lectins and polypeptides (spp.5) ,mixture (spp.4), other compounds (spp.1) and new antimicrobial plant origins (spp.7) are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Kiran Sahu ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shilpi Chatterjee ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Raipur Institute of Technology, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur (C.G.) 492101, IN

Abstract

Antioxidant the word itself is magic. Suggesting some type of allencompassing protection against cellular wear and damage, the scientific medical community has now embraced a once reviled theory. Using the antioxidant concept as a spearhead in proposed mechanisms staving off socalled “free radical” reactions, the rush is on to mine claim for the latest and most effect combination of free radical scavenging compound. They are therefore critical for maintaining optimal cellular and systemic health and well being. Defense strategies against such aggressive radical species include enzymes, antioxidants that occur naturally in the body (glutathione, uric acid, ubiquinol-10, and other) and radical scavenging nutrients, such as vitamins A, C, E, and carotenoids. This paper will present a brief discussion of some well-and little- known phyto pharmaceuticals (i.e. herbs) that may add to the optimization of antioxidant status and therefore offer added preventive values for overall health.

Keywords

Antioxidant, Herbs, Free Radical, Carotenoids, Cancer, Oxidation etc.

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Vidyanand Patel ¹, Pradeep Sahu ¹, Naveen Nagtode ¹, Keshav Deshmukh ¹, Shilpi Chatterjee ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur (C.G.) 492101, IN

Abstract

Natural Products play an important role in the management of HIV/AID, especially in developing countries where resources are meager. The urgent need for new anti-HIV/AIDS drugs is a global concern. In addition to obvious economical and commercial hurdles, HIV/AIDS patients are faced with multifarious difficulties associated with the currently approved anti-HIV drugs. The large number of natural product described (42 spp.) clearly demonstrate the importance of natural product that could assist in the prevention and/or amelioration of the HIV/AIDS disease. The natural product discussed includes: alkaloids (8 spp.), glycosides (7 spp.), flavonoids (8 spp.), coumarins (4 spp.), polysaccharides (2 spp.), proteins (5 spp.), tannins (2 spp.), lignins (2 spp.), polyphenols (3 spp.), and miscellaneous (1 spp.) which may delay the development of HIV complication and the metabolic disorder. The aim of this review is to report new discoveries and updates pertaining to anti-HIV natural products. Moreover during the past few years some of the few bioactive drugs isolated from anti HIV plant showed anti HIV activity with more efficacy. Some of these natural products have already entered clinical trial.

Keywords

Natural Product, Anti-HIV, AIDS.

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