Informatics Publishing Limited

P. Srinivas ¹, K. Satish Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram-522 019, A.P., IN
2 Deptt. of Civil Engineering, K. L. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram-522 502, A.P., IN

Abstract

There is a strong demand for environmentally safe reuse and effective disposal methods for Municipal solid waste (MSW) due to the increasing amount of waste generated by the various residential buildings, commercial establishments and various other institutions. MSW refers to the stream of garbage collected through community sanitation services. Medical wastes from hospitals and items that can be recycled and utilized for generating electricity are generally excluded from MSW. The major portion of MSW that is not recycled is typically sent to landfills after it is collected. As an alternative, MSW can be combusted in waste-to-energy combustors, which facilitates to generate electricity. The combustion of municipal solid waste results in reduction of its quantity. MSW combustion creates a solid waste called ash, which can contain any of the elements which were originally present in the waste. Using it as an engineering construction material attains the ultimate disposal of incinerated solid waste ash. The incorporation of municipal solid waste ash in the manufacturing of cement hollow bricks has been systematically investigated. The effect of proportion of incinerated municipal solid waste (ash) on the strength and quality of the brick has been investigated. The use of incinerated municipal solid waste as construction material and building material converts the waste into useful products that can alleviate the disposal problems. The present work has demonstrated a feasible way of using incinerated municipal solid waste ash as a cement replacement material to produce quality bricks. The bricks manufactured did not show any deformation or uneven surfaces and the bricks can be used for construction purposes.

Keywords

Municipal Solid Waste, Incineration Ash, Cement Hollow Bricks, Compressive Strength, Recycling.

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P. Srinivas ¹, K. Satish Kumar ², S. Bala Prasad ³

Affiliations
1 Deptt. of Civil Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram-522 019, A.P., IN
2 Deptt. of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram-522 502, Guntur Dist, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 Deptt. of Civil Engg., Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam-530 003, A.P., IN

Abstract

Water auditing is very useful to estimate water losses and savings. Water audit identifies water uses such as sanitation, irrigation, heating and cooling process and maintenance of the distribution system. Unaccountable losses are investigated and areas are identified in which water use efficiency can be improved using alternative technologies or practices. A comprehensive audit can give the utility and detailed profile of the distribution system and water users, allowing appropriate management of water resources and improved reliability. It is an important step towards water conservation and linked with a leak detection plan that can save the utility of a significant amount of fresh water and time. Therefore, water supply balance studies are an important part of water auditing. The water supply balance studies were carried out for industries like Visakha Steel Plant, Visakha Port Trust and Visakha Diary, which are situated in and around Visakhapatnam city. The savings with reference to water quantity and money were estimated for various organizations. It was found from initial water supply balance studies that in VSP, the water that can be saved without any additional investment is 87.372 million gallons per day. This saves an amount of Rs. 0.9783 crore per day. It was also found that the water could be reduced up to 80% by using recycled water.

Keywords

Water Supply Balance, Water Auditing, Water Savings, Water Losses.

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P. Srinivas ¹, A. Sreenivasulu ²

Affiliations
1 Deptt. of Civil Engg., RVR & JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram-522 019, A.P., IN
2 Deptt. of Civil Engineering, K. L. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram-522 502, A.P., IN

Abstract

Equilibrium conditions at shores of Chennai were upset when an artificial harbour was constructed in 1875, which was projected about 1 km into the sea. Because of this construction, there is heavy accretion on the southern side of the harbour resulting in Marina beach and severe erosion on the northern side. The study of north Chennai coastal area involves the collection of bathymetry of the area, and data on waves, tides, currents and winds. After analysing the data, suitable remedial measures like construction of sea wall, groynes and break water were examined. Out of all, the function of sea wall was observed to be the best remedial measure in controlling the erosion. The data on physical model study available at Institute of Hydraulic and Hydrology, Poondi were examined and a suitable remedy was designed.

Keywords

Coastal Protection, Coastal Erosion, Chennai Coastal Area, Erosion Protection.

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P. Srinivas ¹, C. Sarala ²

Affiliations
1 Deptt. of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram-522 502, Guntur Dist., Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Centre for Water Resources,JNTU Institute of Science & Technology, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Critical appraisal of existing land becomes significant for assessment of sustainable development of any resource, as the runoff moves and water resources on spatial-temporal dimension are indispensable. The process of planning at grass ischolar_main level for optimal utilization of these resources further needs deeper evaluation. Timely as well as reliability on available data facilitates the planner to formulate a comprehensive plan with unambiguity. The present work envisages to assess natural resources for a part of Maheshwaram watershed area situated in Rangareddy District, A.P., and to identify the existing problems and potential of the area and to generate an action plan for the optimum development on a sustainable basis. The efficient and proper utilization of water resources is very essential in order to fulfil the water requirements for various purposes such as drinking, irrigation, industrial use, etc. It can be achieved by proper watershed management, which requires various characteristics of watershed such as land use information, geology of the area, soil type, drainage system, it's size and shape of streams. Conventional and manual techniques for the study of watershed characteristics are expensive and time consuming. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques can provide quick and accurate information about watershed characteristics for the efficient watershed management. IRS-1D (LISS-III+PAN) data have been used to generate different thematic maps. The action plan suggests necessary measures to be taken to convert the unproductive areas into profitable one without increasing environmental degradation.

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P. Srinivas ¹, A. Sreenivasulu ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram-522 502, Dist. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

In the present situation, coal is an important raw material used for various industrial purposes. Generally, coal exists under the ground which can be extracted by removing the top soil. If the same coal exists below the river bed, the river has to be diverted in order to extract the coal. The primary survey was done in the area through which the Amb river water is being passed out. The levels were taken at regular intervals by using total station and the reduced levels were calculated. The volume of earth in cutting and filling were evaluated for forming a levelled river bed. The river plugs were designed to stop the flow of water before diverting the river flow into the designed river bed. The nallas which are the junction points were also designed which are provided along the river bed wherever the bed width changes.

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P. Srinivas ¹, C. Sarala ²

Affiliations
1 Deptt. of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram-522 502, Dist. Guntur, A.P., IN
2 Centre for Water Resources, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, A.P., IN

Abstract

Water is an important resource for the development of any community. Rainfall is the major means by which freshwater is made available. As the utility increases to many fold, availability of water has become a scarce commodity. Hence, utilization of rain water is gaining significance, which otherwise wastes into oceans. To meet the growing population demands rainwater harvesting is need of the hour. The study area is a site near Chowdavaram village, Guntur District. Past rainfall records were collected and annual rainfall was computed. Water levels in the wells and bore wells near the site were measured at suitable intervals during pre and post monsoon seasons. A rainfall harvesting structure i.e., check dam was designed and constructed. Water levels were increased by and large due to construction of check dam as visualized from the depth of water level records. It was observed that the influence of check dam was more on bore wells near to which gradually decreases with distance. It is also observed that for every 5 m rise of water level, power required is reduced to half. If energy conserved is appreciated as energy produced in a society starving of resources, a lot more can be done to future generations in the form of economic savings. Hence, rainwater harvesting is the need of the hour for achieving sustainable development.

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P. Srinivas ¹, C. Sarala ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, K. L. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram-522 007, A.P., IN
2 Centre for Water Resources, Institute of Science and Technology, J.N. Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P., IN

Abstract

The agricultural productivity, especially in dry land agriculture, depends upon chiefly the occurrence and distribution of rainfall in a particular region, but due to non-uniform distribution of rainfall and prolonged dry spells during monsoon season and crop period, the dry land agriculture in arid and semiarid regions is becoming difficult. The identification of dry spells and wet spells to find out drought occurring conditions are complex because of the fact that, it requires to analyse the vast hydrological data in a systematic order. The laborious process can be made easy with the advent of using computers and the appropriate data management software. Anantapur is one of the drought-affected districts in Andhra Pradesh due to its location in the rain shadow region of Western Ghats. Due to prolonged dry spells and ill distributed rainfall the district underwent a metamorphosis from drought to desert prone area. Keeping this in view, the present study has been carried out to identify the droughts in Anantapur district by analysing the daily rainfall and evaporation data for a period of 21 years from 1979 to 2000 by the application of Data Base Management System (DBMS) approach by developing programs using Microsoft Visual FoxPro Software.

        From the data analysis, dry days, dry spells, wet days, wet spells, monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall, and driest and wettest months were obtained. From the results it is possible to identify the likelihood of occurrence of dry spells and wet spells. The onset of monsoons was late and consequently the late sowing of crops which results in crop failure in Anantapur district. Thus, knowledge of likelihood of occurrence of dry spells will greatly help in protection of crop from wilting. The identification of dry spells is, therefore, helpful in agricultural planning, reservoir operations, releasing of water to canals for irrigation and for planning cloud seeding operations.

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P. Srinivas ¹, C. Sarala ², P. Prabhakara Chowdary ³

Affiliations
1 Department ofCivil Engineering, K. L. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, A.P, IN
2 Centre for Water Resources, I.S.T, J.N. Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P, IN
3 Panchayat Raj Engineering Department, Hyderabad, A.P, IN

Abstract

Watershed is a geo-hydrological unit draining at a common point by a system of streams. Watershed management is the rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum production with minimum hazard to natural resources. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques can be utilized for effective management of land and water resources in a watershed. Even the Government of Andhra Pradesh is implementing watershed development programs on priority basis for sustainable development of land and water resources on holistic approach. The activities of watershed management mainly include rainwater harvesting structures, soil conservation measures and environmental protection measures.

The study area was Boothpur Mandal, which is one of the 64 mandals of Mahaboobnagar district. These areas have been identified as chronically drought affected areas in the State because of scanty and erratic rainfall. Collection of source data like satellite data of two seasons, SOI toposheets and village maps were carried out. Secondary data like ground water levels, agriculture, population and socioeconomic data were collected. Various thematic maps like base map, contour map, drainage map, soil map, geomorphology map, slope map and land use/land cover map were prepared by using SOI toposheets and satellite imageries. After analysing all maps, action plan map was generated for the soil and water conservation in the study area.

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P. Srinivas ¹, V. Raveendra Kumar ², Rajesh Nune ³

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Civil Engineering, K. L. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, A. P., IN
2 Panchayat Raj Engineering Department, Hyderabad, A.P., IN
3 Centre for Water Resources, I.S.T, T, J.N.T.University, Hyderabad, A.P., IN

Abstract

The primary objective of this study is to design a sewage treatment system for PUDA (Puttaparthy Urban Development Authority) in A.P and usage of treated wastewater for irrigation. The treatability studies help us to design further treatment prior to disposal or reuse. The study area, Puttaparthy, being a pilgrim centre, attracts people all over the world. In the present study, design of the various sewage treatment units like screens, grit chambers, primary settling tanks, trickling filters, secondary settling tanks, sludge digestion tanks and sludge drying beds were carried out for the estimated peak population. Puttaparthy and its surrounding areas come under drought prone areas of Anantapur district. Hence, the treated wastewater of PUDA can be used effectively for raising some suitable crops in that area. The National Water Policy of India also emphasizes the need for recycling and reuse of wastewater. Earlier studies on sewage farming reveal that disposal of sewage effluent by applying on land increases crop yield by 33%, as sewage contains a lot of fertilizing minerals. Since the quantity of effluent from PUDA is considerably high, usage of treated sewage for irrigation is a good alternative.

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P. Srinivas ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science, DNR College, Bhimavaram - 534 202, IN

Abstract

This Paper focuses on the “encouragement” approach which communication has taken. This is because in order for QoS initiatives to be meaningful to consumers the information must keep pace with changing technological and market developments. The communication providers are best placed to provide the relevant QoS indicators in a timely fashion. However, the ability to provide meaningful data does not necessarily mean that communication providers will be willing to provide it without regulatory intervention. As competition increases, there are clear incentives for providers with a high quality of service to produce and promote timely and accessible QoS information for consumers. Conversely there is no economic incentive for those providers offering a low quality of service to do the same. The trends are likely to affect both the type and quality of the services offered in the market. For example, with some routine Internet activities such as web browsing and email all that is normally required is sufficient bandwidth. The IP-protocol should not as rule experience any difficulty with delay, jitter etc. However as consumers demand more interactive functions such as conversations and video-conferencing, a low level of end-to-end delay and jitter, low packet loss, and a guaranteed bandwidth are all needed to ensure standards are maintained.

Keywords

Consumer Awareness, Internet, Cyber Crime.

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R. Sai Kumar , Y. S. Satish Kumar , P. Srinivas

Abstract

Typical pedons representing major land forms of chilli growing soils in Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh were characterized, classified and assessed for their nutrient status. The depth of soils was moderately shallow to deep, yellowish brown to dark red in colour, sandy to clay in texture, slightly acidic to moderately alkaline, non-saline, low in organic carbon content and low to medium in cation exchange capacity. Soils are low to medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus, low to high in available potassium and high in available sulphur. However, the soils were deficient in DTPA-extractable Fe, sufficient in DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu and Mn. However the Entisolpedons did not show the presence of any diagnostic horizon. As per soil Taxonomy, Chintakani, Kusumanchiand  Khammam rural, profiles were classified as Alfisols, Palvancha, Bhadrachalam, Chandrugonda and  Wazeedu were classified as Inceptisols and Wyra, was classified as Vertisol.

Keywords

Alfisols, Chilli crop, Khammam, Soil Classification and Soil Taxonomy

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E. V. Ramana ¹, S. Sapthagiri ², P. Srinivas ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad – 500 090, Telangana, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Hyderabad - 501506, Telangana, IN

Abstract

Objectives: To implement data mining approach to diagnose the causes of faults occurring in the injection molding product and to predict the quality of product for a particular setting of process parameters. Methods and Statistical Analysis: Decision Tree, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Polynomial by Binomial classification techniques are used to build the data mining models by training them on dataset collected during the injection molding of a cap for 25 ml container. Findings: These models are evaluated on test dataset and their prediction accuracy is found to be 95%. Sink marks are caused by low injection speed, nozzle temperature and injection pressure. Low nozzle and mould temperatures and injection pressure resulted in short shot. High barrel temperature at Zone 2 and injection speed are responsible for burn marks in the product. Applications/Improvements: The higher prediction accuracy of these models is helpful in predicting the quality of product before its manufacture and thereby avoiding the production of defective parts. This approach can be further extended for injection molded parts made out of various plastic materials and process conditions.

Keywords

Data Mining, Fault Diagnosis, Injection Molding, Quality Prediction.

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M. Ravi Kumar ¹, P. Srinivas ¹, M. Madhavi ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept of Mechanical Engg., M. V. S. R. Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN

Abstract

Advanced composites with their inherent advantages such as strength to weight ratio, became an ideal choice mostly in the fields like aerospace, missiles, submarines and ground structures like heavy military bridges etc. Composite materials also proved to be good insulators and have wide application in boiler tubes, heat exchanger shells and electrical applications. In any power plant apart from the turbine, boiler and pump, the heat exchanger is a vital component. The present investigation proposes EGlass/Vinyl Ester filament wound FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) heat exchanger shell due to its good thermal insulation and noncorrosive properties. Experimental investigation was carried out to determine thermal conductivity on FRP shell. Based on these investigations, a single tube & shell type heat exchanger with copper as tube and FRP as shell is designed and developed in order to carryout performance analysis of a composite shell for both parallel and counter flows for a range of temperatures from 40 °C to 150 °C. The heat exchanger effectiveness for FRP shell is found to be 28% more than mild steel shell in the heat exchanger. The present study recommends that the existing metal boiler shells can be replaced with FRP material due low maintenance cost and less radiation effect.

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E. V. Ramana ¹, S. Sapthagiri ², P. Srinivas ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad – 500 090, Telangana, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Hyderabad – 501506, Telangana, IN

Abstract

Objectives: This paper proposes data mining approach to detect the causes of sink marks, short shot, burn marks and flash in 25 ml container cap and control the injection molding process to produce defect free product by optimal setting of process parameters. Methods and Statistical Analysis: Neural Net, Naive Bayes classifier and rule induction techniques are implemented to build the data mining models on training dataset acquired during the injection molding of 25 ml container cap. Findings: Neural Net and Rule Induction Models outperformed over Naive Bayes model (80%) with prediction accuracies of 95% on test dataset. Rule Induction model detected that sink marks are caused by high molding temperature, low injection speed, nozzle temperature and injection time. Low injection pressure, barrel temperature and mould temperature are responsible for short shot to occur in the product. Flash is caused by high mould temperature. Applications/Improvements: The custom prediction for quality of the product for a specific parameter setting can be made by applying Neural Net and Rule Induction models in order to control the process to ensure defect free caps. This approach can be applied for other injection molded products manufactured from other plastic materials.

Keywords

Data Mining, Fault Diagnosis, Quality Prediction and Control, Injection Molding.

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G. Prabhakar ¹, P. Srinivas ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University College of Science, Saifabad, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500004, IN

Abstract

In this study, morphometric analysis and prioritization of 12 sub-watersheds of Brahmani and Baitarni Basins, which are located in Keonjhar and Sundargarh Districts of Odisha State, India is carried out using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. The morphometric parameters considered for analysis are stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, relief ratio, length of overland flow and basin shape. A total number of 1654 streams were identified of which 1223 are first order streams, 320 are 2^nd order, 77 are 3^rd order, 20 are 4^th order, 6 are 5^th order, 4 are 6^th order and 4 are of 7^th order. The streams up to seventh order can be seen in BAISWD6, BAISWD7, BAISWD8, and BAISWD11. Drainage patterns of stream network from the basin have been observed as mainly dendritic type which indicates the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control. The drainage pattern is dendritic and the highest order stream is of 7^th order. The bifurcation ratio (Rbm) varies from 2.99 to 5.91 and all sub-watersheds fall under normal basin category. The drainage density (Dd) of the study area is varying between 2.05 and 2.89 km/km² indicating low density with highly permeable subsoil, thick vegetation cover, low relief and course drainage texture. Elongation ratio of all the watersheds varies between 0.65 to 0.70 respectively and indicating that it is elongated. Circulatory Ratio (Rc) ranges from 0.38 to 0.68 indicating that all the sub-watersheds except BAISWD6 are more or less circular and are characterized by high to moderate relief and drainage system is structurally controlled. The sub-watershed BAISWD6 having the Rc value of 0.38 indicating that it is elongated. The relief ratio of all sub-watersheds varies between the values of 23.56 to 47.59m, which indicates that the basin has strong relief and steep slope. The compound parameter values of 12 sub-watersheds of study area were calculated and prioritization rating was carried out. Sub-watershed BAISWD9 with a compound parameter value of 5.6 receives the highest priority indicates the greater degree of erosion in the particular sub-watershed and it becomes potential area for applying soil conservative measure.

Keywords

Dendrites, Drainage Patterns, GIS, Morphometric Analysis, Watershed.

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