Informatics Publishing Limited

Abstract

The major ion chemistry of surface and sub-Surface waters of Rewalsar Lake, situated on the middle Siwalik hill, has been investigated. The dissolved ions in surface water show ionic strength 3.9 x 10^-3mol I^-1 and in groundwater 6.7x10^-3 mol I^-1 indicating higher concentration in the latter. In both the cases, ca²⁺+Mg²⁺ contribtute 81.57 and 82.72 (in equivalent basis) to the total cation budget whereas CO₃^-+HCO₃^- contribute 75.92 and 73.86 to the total anion budget, respectively. The relatively high content of these cations and anions in groundwater are due to high dissolution as a consequence of H₂CO₃ formation. The ca²⁺/Hco₃^- and ca²⁺+Mg²⁺/HCO₃^- molar ratio in lake water are 0.58 and 0.69 and in groundwater it is 0.53 and 0.70, respectively indicating silicate source as well besides carbonate. The middle Siwalik lithology comprises predominantly of sandstone-Siltstone interlayered with calcareous segregations in them. The (Na^-+K^-)/T_z⁺ ratio -0.18 and that of (ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)/T_z⁺ ratio - 0.81 of lake waters and - 0.20, - 0.82, respectively of groundwater also indicate contribution of cations via silicate weathering. However, low abundance of silica (4 to 36 μ mol 1^-1) and (Ca +Mg): (Na+K) mol ratio 2.2 suggests that major ions contribution from silicate weathering has been less significant.

The major ions of surface and sub-Surface waters have been primarily derived from the weathering of lithology and contribution from cyclic salt seems to be insignificant as the lake is far away from the ocean. The CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) value 75.93 supports fairly high chemical weathering and high Na⁺/Cl^- and K⁺/Cl^- ratios in lake water and still higher in groundwater suggests their source other than aerosols. Similar Cl^- and enhancement in Na⁺ in groundwater indicates excess dissolution of Na-feldspar in it. The SO₄^2- and PO₄^3- contribution in waters are also influenced by anthropogenic sources as there is no reported occurrence of minerals in the rocks. The inconsistency observed between clay minerals and natural waters of Rewalsar lake is due to extremely low silica content (0.70 mgI^-1") compared to groundwater (10.89 mg I^-1) due to less silica dissolution and uptake and removal by diatoms /planktons in the surface waters. The chemistry of surface and sub-Surface waters do not indicate mixing of the two on a large scale.

Keywords

Full Text

Abstract

Objective: The present study is aimed at providing comparative analysis of ankle block with unilateral subarachnoid block for elective foot surgeries in terms of hemodynamic safety profile and post operative analgesia.

Material and Methods: Study includes prospective analysis of 80 ASA II and III patients who underwent elective foot surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 40 each, Ankle block group (AB) and Unilateral subarachnoid group (US). The parameters recorded for study includes systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, visual analogue scale for pain severity, time of first analgesic need and the complications.

Results: There were minimal blood pressure changes and heart rate variability in AB group as compared to US group when compared with basal values (p<0.05). The time for first analgesic requirement is prolonged in AB group as compared to US group. The visual analogue scale score was assessed at 2^nd, 4^th and 6^th hours for group AB were lowered as compared to group US (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Ankle block is associated with lesser hemodynamic variations and better postoperative analgesia as compared to unilateral subarachnoid block.

Keywords

Full Text

References

Abstract

Full Text

References

Abstract

The study was conducted among 100 beta thalassemic children in the age group of 5 to 8 yrs, enrolled at the Thalassemia Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, who were diagnosed to have beta thalassemia for atleast 3 years. A detailed history, clinical examination, laboratory workup, electrocardiography and echocardiography were done as per the proforma attached.

Data was analyzed using Chi Square test for significance. The strength of association was assessed using Odd's ratio and its 95% confidence limits. Binary logistic regression analysis was done following a stepwise method, among variable with a value <0.1 in univariate analysis to eliminate confounders.

Among the 100 study subjects 14% had cardiac involvement. Most common age group with cardiac complications was 15 to 18 years (57.14%). Most common cardiac complication associated with beta thalassemia was left ventricular hypertrophy with 50% subjects detected by echocardiography, closely followed by systolic dysfunction. The determinants of cardiac complications among regularly transfused beta thalassemics were subjected to univariate analysis showed tachycardia (p 0.004), lower diastolic blood pressure (p 0.0028), irregular chelation therapy (0.045), higher number of blood pressure (p 0.043) and older age (p 0.000) to have statistically significant association (p<0.05) for cardiac complications. Determinants with p values <0.1 in univariate analysis were further analyzed using multivariate binary logistic stepwise regression. Higher number of blood transfusion (p 0.020), lower pre transfusion hemoglobin (p 0.045) and older age (p 0.003) were noted as the independent determinants of cardiac complications.

The important message to be put out from this study is the presence of factors which can suggest an impending cardiac involvement. Early detection of the same and checking the progression of the disease process to stem the eventual cardiac damage is possible and should be done regularly.

Full Text

References

Abstract

Keywords

Full Text

References

Abstract

Keywords

Full Text