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Rama Rao, N.
- A Model for Periodical Augmentation of Income of the Communities Involved in Shelterbelt Plantations
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Indian Forester, Vol 137, No 8a (2011), Pagination: 96-99Abstract
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. was introduced in the shelterbelt zone in traditional plantations of CasuQrina equisetijolia L. The plantations were raised in 3 ha through the coastal Vana Samrakshana Samithi at Chippada in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. Mixed plantations of the two species were tried in two independent blocks adopting 3 × 3 m and 2.5 × 2.5 m spacings separately. In addition, monospecific plantation of E. citriodora was tried independently in 2 × 2 m spacing. Striking difference could not be noticed in the yield of essential oil from E. citriodora obtained from the three kinds of spacings employed. However, mixed plantation with 2.5 × 2.S m spacing gave relatively better oil yield than the other two spacings. Average essential oil yield from the entire plantation area of 3 ha during each quarter from the third year onwards was 2.334 L priced at ' 300/- kg. The timber yield from C. equisetifolia on their attaining commercially exploitable size after five years was approxi mated to be 30 m3.Keywords
Casuarina Equisetifolia, Eucalyptus Citriodora, Essential Oil, Augmentation, Village Communities
- Malabsorption of Drugs in Gastrointestinal Diseases: a Review
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Affiliations
1 Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034, IN
1 Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, Vol 6, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 29-33Abstract
Most long term treatments follow the oral administration due to its ease and convenience of administration. After oral administration of any drug, the plasma concentration time curve is a function of many simultaneously operating kinetic processes. The steady state plasma concentration is achieved when the amount of drug absorbed equals the amount of drug eliminated. Both amount and rate of drug absorbed may be altered by diseases which in turn alter other kinetic processes. The amount of drug absorbed is simultaneously affected by physicochemical factors of drug and physiological factors that operate in gut which are also altered by the disease state. The present review focuses on the way in which the absorption of drugs is altered in various conditions of gastro intestinal tract.Keywords
Gastric Emptying Rate, Malabsorption, Peak Plasma Concentration, MetaclopramideReferences
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- Parsons RL, Hossack GA and Paddock GM. The absorption of antibiotics in adult patients with celiac disease. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1; 1975: 39-50.
- Parsons RL, Jusko WJ and Lewis GP. Pharmacokinetics of antibiotic absorption in coeliac disease. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2(2); 1976: 214-215.
- Parsons Rl, Kaye CM, Raymond K, Trounce TR and Turner P. Absorptio of propanolol and practolol in celiac disease. Gut. 17(2); 1976: 139-143.
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- Anthonisen P, Barany F, Folken borg O, Holtz A, Jarnum S, Kristenson M, Riss P, Walan A and Worning H. The clinical effect of salazosulpapyridine (salazopyrin) in crohn’s disease A controlled blind study. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 9; 1974: 549-554.
- Goldman P, Peppercorn MA and Goldin BR. In Morselli, cohen and Garatti editors. Drugs metabolized by intestinal microflora: Drug interactions. Raven Press, New York. 1974; pp.91.
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- Assemblages of Macrobenthic Insect Larvae of the Sankosh River Basin in the Areas Boardering India and Bhutan
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Affiliations
1 Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderbabd-500 100 (Andhra Pradesh), IN
2 Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore-641 002, IN
3 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun-248 006, IN
1 Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderbabd-500 100 (Andhra Pradesh), IN
2 Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore-641 002, IN
3 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun-248 006, IN
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 142, No 5 (2016), Pagination: 493-501Abstract
A preliminary investigation on macrobenthic insect larvae of the Sankosh River and its permanent headwater streams carried out during the period from 2009 to 2010 has revealed significant results on the assemblages of various ecologically sensitive insect taxa. Beatidae, Simuliidae, Hydropsychidae, Chironomidae and Heptageniidae were the dominant taxa among the total of 37 insect families and Ephemeroptera, Diptera and Trichoptera were the dominant taxa among the total of 9 insect orders. Order Trichoptera was the richly represented taxa with 9 insect families followed by Diptera with 6 families and Hemiptera and Odonata with 5 families each. The abundance (%) of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa which account for 60.70% than that of all the other taxa was highly significant. A fairly good Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) Score with an average of 50.31 out of the total 1308 was obtained for the 26 sampling stations, indicating relatively good water quality of the river system. The study, therefore, revealed the importance of aquatic macrobenthic insect diversity and its monitoring for better management of the river ecosystem.Keywords
Sankosh River, Benthic, Macro-Invertebrates, Insects, Biomonitoring.References
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- Solid Dispersions-An Approach to Enhance the Dissolution Rate of Clopidogrel Bisulphate
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur, A.P, IN
1 Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur, A.P, IN
Source
Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 4, No 4 (2014), Pagination: 165-168Abstract
Solid dispersions are one of the techniques to improve the solubility of the poorly soluble drugs. In this technique a poorly soluble drug is dispersed in the highly soluble hydrophilic matrix, two types of polymers are considered as carriers i.e., lactose, dextrose and cornstarch. Solubility is the basic step for formulation of different type of dosage forms. clopidogrel bisulphate is a BCS class II drug having low solubility and high permeability, used as ant platelet drug to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. In this research article Clopidogrel bisulphate solubility has been increased by co-grinding method i.e.,one of the solid dispersion technique lactose (1:5,1:10,1:15), dextrose (1:10,1:15) cornstarch:lactose (1:10,1:15) from three different polymers cornstarch: lactose showed 99%solubility than dextrose and lactose. In-vitro dissolution studies were conducted in PH 6.8 buffer.Keywords
Clopidogrel Bisulphate, Solid Dispersions, Antiplatelet, Cornstarch, Lactose.- Rectal Drug Delivery:A Promising Route for Enhancing Drug Absorption
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034, IN
Source
Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 2, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 143-149Abstract
Rectal drug delivery is an efficient alternate to oral and parenteral route of administration in partial avoidance of first pass metabolism and protein peptide drug delivery. This route allows both local and systemic therapy of drugs. Controlled absorption enhancement of drugs can be achieved by the rectal route because of the constant conditions in the rectal environment. In the present review various absorption enhancers with their mechanism of action in improving drug absorption through rectal epithelium and the potential of rectal route in delivering protein and peptides, analgesics and antiepileptics are discussed. This review also presents affects of various absorption promoting adjuvant on the rectal absorption of drugs.Keywords
Rectal Absorption, Enamine Derivatives, Salicylates, Fatty Acids, Cyclodextrins, Protease Inhibitors.- Aquasomes: Role to Deliver Bioactive Substances
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034 Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034 Andhra Pradesh, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034 Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034 Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology, Vol 2, No 6 (2010), Pagination: 356-360Abstract
Aquasomes are one of the most recently developed delivery systems; these are nanoparticulate carrier systems with three-layered self-assembled structures. They comprise a central solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxyoligomers onto which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed. Three types of core materials are mainly used for producing aquasomes: tin oxide, nanocrystalline carbon ceramics (diamonds) and brushite (calcium phosphate dihydrate). Calcium phosphate is the core of interest, owing to its natural presence in the body. The brushite is unstable and converts to hydroxyapatite upon prolong storage. Hydroxyapatite seems, therefore, a better core for the preparation of aquasomes. It is widely used for the preparation of implants for drug delivery. The solid core provides the structural stability, while the carbohydrate coating protects against dehydration and stabilizes the biochemically active molecules. This property of maintaining the conformational integrity of bioactive molecules has led to the proposal that aquasomes have potential as a carrier system for delivery of peptide, protein, hormones, antigens and genes to specific sites.Keywords
Aquasomes, Nanoparticels, Bioactives, Nanocrystalline Core.- Preparation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Microcapsules of Flurbiprofen for Oral Controlled Release
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Authors
K. M. Lokamatha Swamy
1,
D. Manjula
2,
S. M. Shanta Kumar
1,
N. Rama Rao
1,
Somshekar Shyale
1,
R. Suma
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, V.L. College of Pharmacy, Raichur- 584103, Karnataka, IN
2 Dayananda Sagar College of Pharmacy, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumarswamy layout, Bangalore-560078, Karnataka, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, V.L. College of Pharmacy, Raichur- 584103, Karnataka, IN
2 Dayananda Sagar College of Pharmacy, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumarswamy layout, Bangalore-560078, Karnataka, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology, Vol 2, No 3 (2010), Pagination: 247-254Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop, characterize and evaluate mucoadhesive microcapsules of flurbiprofen with a coat consisting of sodium alginate in combination with other mucoadhesive polymers such as sodium carboxy methylcellulose (sodium CMC), methyl cellulose (MC), carbopol and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) by an emulsification-ionic gelation process for prolonged gastrointestinal absorption. The microcapsules were prepared by an emulsification-ionic gelation process. The microcapsules were evaluated for physical characteristics such as particle size, particle shape and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, and other parameters like drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro mucoadhesion by everted intestinal sac technique and in vitro drug release characteristics. The USP Rotating Basket method was selected to perform the dissolution profiles carried out in 900 ml of phosphate buffer of pH 7.2. The resulting microcapsules were discrete, small, and fairly spherical and free flowing. Microencapsulation efficiency was 60.92% to 87.74% and relatively high with alginate-carbopol and low with alginate-MC combinations. On the contrary, alginate-carbopol shown lower strength of mucoadhesion and high percentage of mucoadhesion was observed with alginate-MC combination. Flurbiprofen release from these mucoadhesive microcapsules was slow, extended over longer periods of time and depended on the combination of mucoadhesive polymer. The highest percentage of drug release was observed with alginate-hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Drug release kinetics from these formulations corresponded best to Higuchi model. The release of the model drug from these mucoadhesive microcapsules was prolonged over an extended period of time and the drug release mechanism followed anomalous (non- Fickian) diffusion controlled as well as Case II transport. By providing intimate contact of dosage form with the absorbing surface, bioavailability of drug could enhanced which in turn improves pharmacological effect. As a result, oral controlled release dosage form to avoid serious gastrointestinal adverse effects commonly associated with the model drug was achieved by the principle of mucoadhesion.Keywords
Flurbiprofen, Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, Methyl Cellulose, Microcapsules.- Effect of Solid Dispersion Technique on Improving the Solubility of Roxithromycin
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Hyderabad, IN
2 Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034, IN
1 Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Hyderabad, IN
2 Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur- 522034, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 184-188Abstract
Roxithromycin, an antibacterial agent is widely used in the treatment of various infections. One of the major problem with this drug is its low solubility in biological fluids. Therefore, solid dispersions of roxithromycin were prepared using mannitol as carrier by different techniques like physical mixing, melting method, melt solvent method, kneading technique and common solvent method to improve the aqueous solubility. Solid dispersions were prepared in 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:9 ratios of drug to carrier. Prepared solid dispersions were evaluated for solubility, content uniformity, dissolution rate and efficiency. More solubility and faster dissolution was exhibited by solid dispersions containing 1:4 ratio of drug and carrier prepared by melting method. FT-IR studies revealed the absence of significant drug-carrier interactions.
Keywords
Roxithromycin, Mannitol, Solid Dispersions, Solubility.- TSP Based Matrix Tablets:Studying the Effect of Formulation Variables Employing Response Surface Methodology
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur-522034, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur-522034, IN