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Prathap Kumar Kothapalli ¹, S. Jagadeesh Sanganal ¹, N. B. Shridhar ¹, H. D. Narayanaswamy ², M. Narayanaswamy ³

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Bangalore-560024, IN
2 Dept. of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Bangalore-560024, IN
3 Dept. of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary College, Bangalore-560024, IN

Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Ficus bengalensis leaf extract in rats using Eddy's hot plate method and formalin induced paw oedema model, respectively. The Ficus benghalensis methanolic leaf extract tested for anti-inflammatory activity, showed a significant (P<0.001) paw volume reduction at dose of 200 mg/kg and at 3 hours. The percent inhibition in paw volume was 65.21% at 200 mg/kg as compared to 62.31% of Diclofenac indicating the anti-inflammatory activity, in formalin-induced paw-edema model. The Ficus benghalensis leaf extract also demonstrated a significant (P<0.001) analgesic activity at both 100 and 200 mg/kg. Thus it can be concluded that the Ficus benghalensis leaf extract possess a potent analgesic and antiinflammatory activities as reflected by the parameters investigated, and demands further research to characterize the novel candidate.

Keywords

Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Ficus Bengalensis Leaf Extract, Eddy’s Hot Plate Method and Formalin Induced Paw Oedema Model.

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C. Rekha ¹, N. B. Shridhar ¹, A. M. Shivanand ¹, J. S. Sanganal ¹, H. D. Narayana Swamy ²

Affiliations
1 Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

The worldwide contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a significant problem. The present study is aimed to detect the mycotoxin present in fungal infected meadow grass fodder from the Uttara Kannada district, where the cattle and buffaloes were exhibiting clinical signs such as posterior paralysis, downer cow syndrome, rumen impaction, and keratomalacia of tail and even mortality. The infected meadow grass fodder samples were collected and were subjected to the multimycotoxin analysis using 1200 series high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) coupled to MDS Sciex 3200 Q Trap LC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS system (Applied Biosystems, USA). Calibration curves were built individually using five or six concentration levels in the wheat matrix (mycotoxin free) were injected into LC-MS/MS system for each mycotoxin to be analyzed. The peak area of the mycotoxins was plotted against the concentration to generate matrix matched calibration curve. The analysis revealed the presence various mycotoxins in the sample, mainly Fusarial toxins such as zearalenone and beauvericin along with traces of aflatoxins, ochratoxin, citrinin, and trichothecenes. Hence, it could be concluded that the mycotoxins got detected in fungal infected meadow grass using LCMS/MS technique, could be the causatives for the major livestock disorders mentioned.

Keywords

Fusarial Toxins, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry, Meadow Grass, Mycotoxicosis.

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A. Padmanabha ¹, H. R. V. Reddy ¹, N. B. Shridhar ², Muttappa Khavi ¹, B. T. Naveen Kumar ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Aquatic Environment Management, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Bangalore, IN
3 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, IN

Abstract

Organophosphate based pesticides account for a major percentage of pesticides used in domestic, agricultural and industrial applications throughout the world. They are highly popular because they are effective, non persistent and relatively less expensive. Quinalphos is a synthetic organophosphate which has become a matter of concern because of its potentiality and hazardous effect. Hence, the present investigation was designed to assess the impact of quinalphos on total protein content in the selected tissues and growth rate of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio. The lethal toxicity of quinalphos to the fish exposed for 96 h was found to be 2.75 ppm. For sublethal toxicity study, the fish were exposed to two concentration viz., 1/5^th of LC₅₀ (0.550 ppm) and 1/10^th of LC₅₀ (0.275 ppm) along with control as reference for 4, 8, 16 and 32 days. Decrease in total protein concentration and growth rate were observed in 4^th and 8^th day of exposure, but on 16^th and 32nd day of exposure all the values reached nearer to normal condition. The decline in total protein levels and relative growth rate at initial exposure periods may indicates the high energy demand associated with imposed quinalphos stress. Restoration of protein fractions to normal, implies that after 8 days of exposure there seems to exist an oscillatory phase in protein turnover towards a more synthetic phase leading to the establishment of recuperation and adaptation phenomena.

Keywords

Quinalphos, Toxicity, Freshwater Teleost, Total Protein, Growth.

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Prathap Kumar Kothapalli ¹, Jagadeesh. S. Sanganal ¹, N. B. Shridhar ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Bangalore-560024, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Ethnopharmacology is the study of the medicinal use of plants by indigenous people. Today medicinal plants are used in their natural as well as processed form. The plant derived medicinal substances are secondary metabolites. Most of these chemicals are harmless, many possess medicinal properties and still many are toxic. Ficus (Family: Moraceae), commonly known as Banyan tree or Vata or Vada tree in Ayurveda, is a tree considered to be sacred in India. Traditionally, Ficus benghalensis is used as astringent, haemostat, as anti-inflammatory and anti-septic agent and in other ailments. The present review aims to update the information on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Ficus.

Keywords

Ficus, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Properties.

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N. B. Shridhar ¹

Affiliations
1 Obscure Disease Research Center, Veterinary College Campus, Shivamogga, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Toxicity episode of Mimosa invisa was observed in 16 adult indigenous cattle and 10 buffaloes. The clinical signs were severe perineal oedema and death in cattle and buffaloes which consumed the plant. This study confirmed the plant as a cause for the clinical syndrome of perineal oedema which was an obscure disease. There was a damage to kidney with significant increase in serum creatinine and BUN. The damage to other vital organs like heart and lungs were also noticed both gross as well in histological findings.

Keywords

Mimosa invisa, Toxicity, Perineal Oedema, Cattle, Buffaloes Obscure.

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N. B. Shridhar ¹

Affiliations
1 Obscure Disease Research Center, Veterinary College Campus, Shivamogga, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

The toxicity episodes of Ficus tsjahela leaves cattle and treatment regimen were studied. The clinical signs in Ficus tsjahela toxicity were salivation, generalized clonic and tonic seizures, nystagmus, stereotypic gnawing behavior, hyperesthesia, ataxia, paddling movements while in recumbency and stereotyped gnawing behavior or eating inanimate objects. The affected animals were treated effectively with diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg i/v and thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg i/m with intravenous administration of 5-10 ml/kg of 10 % dextrose solution twice at 10 to 12 h interval for 3-4 days till complete recovery. There was no change in serum concentrations of ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus except acute hyperglycemia. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of steroids, terpenes, diterpenes, lactones, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. The results of this study demonstrated the toxicity of Ficus tsjahela leaves in cattle and its therapeutic management with diazepam, thiamine hydrochloride and dextrose.

Keywords

Ficus tsjahela, Toxicity, Cattle, Treatment, Diazepam, Thiamine, Dextrose.

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Amol R. Padol ¹, K Jayakumar ¹, N. B. Shridhar ¹, H. D. Narayana Swamy ², M. Narayana Swamy ³, K. Mohan ¹

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, IN
2 Departments of Veterinary Pathology, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, IN
3 Departments of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, IN

Abstract

Acute dermal toxicity study was conducted in rats. The parameters studied were body weight, serum biochemistry and gross pathology. The animals were also observed for clinical signs and mortality after the application of test film. The dermal irritation potential of silk protein film was examined using Draize test. In the initial test, three test patches were applied sequentially for 3 min, 1 and 4 hours, respectively, and skin reaction was graded. The irritant or negative response was confirmed using two additional animals, each with one patch, for an exposure period of 4 hours. The responses were scored at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the patch removal. Skin sensitization study was conducted according to Buehler test in guinea pigs, in which on day 0, 7 and 14, the animals were exposed to test material for 6 hours (Induction phase) and on day 28, the animals were exposed for a period of 24 hours (Challenge phase). The skin was observed and recorded at 24 and 48 hours after the patch removal. In acute dermal toxicity study, the rats dermally treated with silk film did not show any abnormal clinical signs and the body weight, biochemical parameters and gross pathological observations were not significantly different from the control group. In acute dermal irritation study, the treated rabbits showed no signs of erythema, edema and eschar, and the scoring was given as “0” for all time points of observations according to Draize scoring system. In skin sensitization study, there were no skin reactions 24 and 48 hours after the removal of challenge patch, which was scored “0” based on Magnusson/Kligman grading scale.

Keywords

Draize test, erythema, irritation, sensitization

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K. Jayakumar ¹, K. Mohan ¹, H. D. Narayana Swamy ², N. B. Shridhar ¹, M. D. Bayer ³

Affiliations
1 Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, IN
3 Veterinary Faculty Clinics, Ningarhar University, Daronta Jalalabad, Ningarhar, Afghanistan, AF

Abstract

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of acetaminophen on kidneys of birds by comparison with diclofenac that is used as positive control. The birds of Group I served as negative control and received normal saline, whereas Group II birds received diclofenac injection (2.5 mg/kg IM) and Group III birds received acetaminophen injection (10 mg/kg IM) for a period of seven days daily. The birds treated with diclofenac showed severe clinical signs of toxicity accompanied with high mortality and significant increase (P<0.001) in serum creatinine and uric acid concentration. The creatinine and uric acid concentrations were consistent with gross and histopathological findings. The negative control and acetaminophen-treated groups showed no adverse clinical signs, serum creatinine and uric acid concentrations were normal, and no gross or histopathological changes in kidneys were observed. Thus, it was concluded that acetaminophen can be used for treatment in birds without any adverse effect on kidneys.

Keywords

Acetaminophen, birds, diclofenac, nephrotoxicity

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