Informatics Publishing Limited

Mrunalini Lotankar ¹, Ashwini Dashputre ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Joints:
Normal structure:

Joints are of 2 types-diarthrodial or synovial joints with a joint cavity and synarthrodial or nonsynovial joint without cavity. Most of the diseases of joints affect diarthrodial or synovial joints. In diarthrodial joints, the ends of two bones are held together by joint capsule with ligaments and tendons inserted at outer surface of the capsule. The articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage, which is thicker in weight bearing areas than in nonweight bearing areas. The joint space is lined by synovial membrane or synovium, which forms synovial fluid that lubricates the joint during movements. The synovium may be smooth or thrown into numerous folds and villi. The synovial membrane is composed of inner layer of 1 to 4 cell thick synoviocytes and outer layer of loose vascular connective tissue. On electron microscopy, two types of synoviocytes are distinguished: type A and B. Type A synoviocytes are more numerous and are related to macrophages and produce degradative enzymes, while type B synthesize hyaluronic acid.

Keywords

Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ailment, Joints.

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Mrunalini Lotankar ¹, Ashwini Dashputre ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Since the report on the heat-induced appearance of chromosomal puffings in salivary gland tissue of Drosophila busckii in 1962, a new research domain has been intensively explored. This research resulted in the discovery of large number of related proteins and their physiological role in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, tissues and individual cells and at the level of sub-cellular structures. These proteins were originally called “heat shock proteins”, because they were discovered in salivary glands and other tissues of Drosophila melanogaster recovering from a so-called transient sublethal heat shock, during which body temperature was increased nearly 5°C above normal body temperature care.

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