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Latika Yadav ¹, Archana Chakravarty ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, IN
2 Department of Home Science, Faculty of Science, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, IN

Abstract

The present investigation was carried out with the objectives to study the effect of keeping time period on acidity of fruit juices and determination of fungal growth in fruit juices. Only those fruit juice samples were taken for study which are mostly consumed by the common people for their health issue. Ten fruit juice samples (orange, pomegranate, mosambi, green grapes, purple grapes, lemon, mango, apple, pineapple and papaya)were taken for study. These fruits were brought to the laboratory for measuring the pH and titratable acidity in fruit juices and also identifying the fungal growth in fruit juices. The results of the present study revealed that that pH of fruit juices increased during storage. Keeping time period affects the titratable acidity of different fruit juices. Titratable acidity increased with increasing keeping time period. Fungi were isolated from all the fruit juices which were stored for specific keeping time periods ( 0 hrs, 24 hrs, 36 hrs and 48 hrs). The isolates were characterized and identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and species of Rhizopus and Mucor.

Keywords

Fruit Juices, Ph, Acidity, Fungal Growth, Keeping Time Period

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Latika Yadav ¹, Pooja Maurya ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), IN

Abstract

The development and maintenance of an organism is orchestrated by a set of chemical reactions that switch parts of the genome off and on at strategic times and locations. Epigenetics is the study of these reactions and the factors that influence them. The nutrients we extract from food enter metabolic pathways where they are manipulated, modified and molded into molecules, the body can use. One such pathway is responsible for making methyl groups - important epigenetic tags that silence genes. Familiar nutrients like folic acid, B vitamins and SAMe (S-Adenosyl methionine) are key components of this methyl-making pathway. Diets high in these methyl-donating nutrients can rapidly alter gene expression, especially during early development when the epigenome is first being established. Nutrients can reverse or change epigenetic phenomena such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, thereby modifying the expression of critical genes associated with physiologic and pathologic processes, including embryonic development, aging, and carcinogenesis. It appears that nutrients and bioactive food components can influence epigenetic phenomena either by directly inhibiting enzymes that catalyze DNA methylation or histone modifications, or by altering the availability of substrates necessary for those enzymatic reactions. As we better understand the connections between diet and the epigenome, the opportunity arises for clinical applications. Enter the future field of nutrigenomics, where nutritionists take a look at your methylation pattern and design a personalized nutrition plan. While we're not quite to that point yet, your doctor can already tell a lot about your disease risk by looking at your family health history. In this regard, nutritional epigenetics has been viewed as an attractive tool to prevent pediatric developmental diseases and cancer as well as to delay aging-associated processes. In recent years, epigenetics has become an emerging issue in a broad range of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammation and neurocognitive disorders.

Keywords

Epigenetics, Nutrients, Gene Expression, Dna Methylation, Histone Modifications, Epigenome.

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Latika Yadav ¹, Shabnam Ansari ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN), IN
2 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN), IN

Abstract

Trafficking in human beings, especially in women, and children has become a matter of serious national and international concern. Women and children - boys and girls - have been exposed to unprecedented vulnerabilities commercial exploitation of these vulnerabilities has become a massive organized crime and a multimillion dollar business. Nations are attempting to combat this trade in human misery through legislative, executive, judicial and social action. Trafficking of children is a worldwide phenomenon affecting large numbers of boys and girls every day. Children and their families are often lured by the promise of better employment and a more prosperous life far from their homes. Others are kidnapped and sold. Trafficking violates a child's right to grow up in a family environment and exposes him or her to a range of dangers, including violence and sexual abuse. In India too, over the last decade, the volume of human trafficking has increased though the exact numbers are not known, it is one of the most lucrative criminal trades, next to arms and drug smuggling undertaken by highly organized criminals. Unless a public opinion is built laws are effectively designed and implemented, the situation is constantly monitored and the nexus of traffickers is exposed, children will continue to be trafficked. Co-ordinated efforts are required to stop and prevent child trafficking.

Keywords

Trafficking, Women, Children, Violence, Sexual Abuse.

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Latika Yadav ¹, Pooja Maurya ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN), IN

Abstract

Worldwide, the number of people newly infected with HIV continues to fall, dropping 21 per cent from 2001 to 2011. Still, an estimated 2.5 million people were infected with HIV in 2011-most of them (1.8 million) in sub-Saharan Africa. Over a decade, new infections in that region fell by 25 per cent. They dropped by 43 per cent in the Caribbean, the sharpest decline of any region, resulting in an estimated 13,000 new infections in 2011. About 820,000 women and men aged 15 to 24 were newly infected with HIV in 2011 in low-and middle income countries; more than 60 per cent of them were women. According to NFHS-3 the revised HIV estimate of 2.47 million persons in India living with HIV (equivalent to 0.36% of the adult population) was released by NACO in July, 2007. This national estimate reflects the availability of improved data rather than a substantial decrease in actual HIV prevalence in India. HIV/AIDS was first identified in India in 1986, the Government of India (GOI) initiated a systematic response by first establishing the National AIDS Committee (NAC) and then, in 1992, the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Since then, comprehensive educational and awareness programmes have been implemented with mandates to increase prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in India.

Keywords

Millennium Development Goal, Health, HIV/AIDS.

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Pooja Maurya ¹, Latika Yadav ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN), IN

Abstract

A woman's breasts start getting ready to make milk when she becomes pregnant. Breast changes are caused by four main hormones. These hormones cause the ducts and glandular tissue (alveoli) to grow and increase in size (see the anatomy of breastfeeding in the image to the left). Your breasts start to make the first milk, colostrum, in the second trimester. Colostrum is thick and clear to yellow in colour. Once your baby and the placenta are delivered, your body starts to make more milk. Over the next few days, the amount of milk your breasts make will increase and the colour will change to appear more watery and white. Under nutrition is estimated to cause 3.1 million child deaths annually or 45 per cent of all child deaths. Breast feeding is a key area to improve child survival and promote healthy growth and development. The first 2 years of a child's life are particularly important, as optimal nutrition during this period lowers morbidity and mortality, reduces the risk of chronic disease, and fosters better development overall. Optimal breastfeeding is so critical that it could save about 800 000 under 5 child lives every year. Breastfeeding confers short term and longterm benefits on both child and mother, including helping to protect children against a variety of acute and chronic disorders.

Keywords

Breast Feeding, Colostrums, Optimal Nutrition Chronic Diseases.

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Pooja Maurya ¹, Latika Yadav ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Nutrition College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), IN

Abstract

The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die. Use of pesticides in India began in 1948 when DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was imported for malaria control and BHC for locust control. India started pesticide production with manufacturing plant for DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC) in the year 1952. Currently, there are approximately 145 pesticides registered for use, and production has increased to approximately 85,000 metric tonnes. Rampant use of these chemicals has given rise to several shortterm and long-term adverse effects of these chemicals. The first report of poisoning due to pesticides in India came from Kerala in 1958 where, over 100 people died after consuming wheat flour contaminated with parathion. Subsequently several cases of pesticide-poisoning including the Bhopal disaster have been reported. Despite the fact that the consumption of pesticides in India is still very low, about 0.5 kg/ha of pesticides against 6.60 and 12.0 kg/ha in Korea and Japan, respectively, there has been a widespread contamination of food commodities with pesticide residues, basically due to non-judicious use of pesticides. In India, 51 per cent of food commodities are contaminated with pesticide residues and out of these, 20 per cent have pesticides residues above the maximum residue level values on a worldwide basis. It has been observed that their long-term, low-dose exposure are increasingly linked to human health effects such as immune-suppression, hormone disruption, diminished intelligence, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. In this light, problems of pesticide safety, regulation of pesticide use, use of biotechnology, and biopesticides, and use of pesticides obtained from natural plant sources such as neem extracts are some of the future strategies for minimizing human exposure to pesticides.

Keywords

Pesticide Toxicity, Poisoning, Pesticide Exposure, Health Hazards.

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