Informatics Publishing Limited

K. Usha ¹, K. Jaya Sankar ²

Affiliations
1 ECE Department, MVSR Engineering College, Hyderabad – 501510, IN
2 ECE Department, Vasavi College of Engineering, Hyderabad-500031, IN

Abstract

Walsh code sequences are fixed power codes and are widely used in multi-user CDMA communications. Walsh code is a group of spreading codes having good autocorrelation properties and poor cross-correlation properties. This paper presents a simple technique to construct Walsh code sets of any length recursively using 4-bit Gray and Inverse Gray codes. An n-bit Gray code is a list of all 2ⁿ bit strings such that adjacent code words in the sequence differ in only one bit position. An 'n' bit Inverse Gray code , is defined exactly opposite to Gray code, it is a list of all 2ⁿ bit strings of length 'n' each, such that successive code words differ in (n-1) bit positions. If the first and last code words also differ in one bit position then the resultant code is called cyclic. The technique presented in this paper allows us to construct 4! Walsh code set (of any length) orderings since they are constructed from 4-bit Gray and Inverse Gray codes. All these Walsh code sets are not symmetrical along rows and columns. A Gray-Binary mapping technique is adopted to transform these Walsh code sets into symmetrical matrices. n-bit Gray codes are used for mapping 2n-length Walsh code sets. Out of n! permutations few result in equal row column transition counts. And two permutations transform these Walsh code sets into Walsh-Hadamard and Walsh-Paley sequence orderings.

Keywords

Gray Code, Inverse Gray Code, Walsh Code, Walsh-hadamard Matrix, Walsh-paley Matrix, Row Transition Count, Column Transition Count

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K. Usha ¹, K. Jaya Sankar ²

Affiliations
1 ECE Department, MVSR Engg. College, Hyderabad, A.P, IN
2 ECE Department, Vasavi College of Engineering, Hyderabad, A.P, IN

Abstract

This paper presents a technique for the generation of Binary Orthogonal Codes using Gray and Inverse Gray codes. Orthogonal codes and Pseudo random Noise codes are used as spreading sequences in multi-user communications. The Spreading codes are also referred to as spreading sequences. Walsh Codes, Gold Codes, Maximal Length sequences, Barker Codes and Kasami codes are commonly used orthogonal codes. In this paper orthogonal codes obtained using Gray code and its inverse are presented. An n-bit Cyclic Gray Code is a circular list of all 2ⁿ bit strings such that successive code words differ in only one bit position. An 'n' bit Inverse Gray Code , is defined exactly opposite to Gray code, it is a circular list of all 2ⁿ bit strings of length 'n' each, such that successive code words differ in (n-1) bit positions. Algorithms discussed in this paper for the generation of Gray and Inverse Gray codes result in n! combinations. The method explained in this paper enables us to generate six and eight length Binary Orthogonal Codes and also Codes of lengths of their even multiples. The auto and cross correlation properties of these codes along with 8, 16-length Walsh Codes are also presented in the current work.

Keywords

Gray Code, Inverse Gray Code, Binary Orthogonal Code

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K. Usha ¹, P. R. Shah ²

Affiliations
1 Breach Candy, Bhatia & St. Elizabeth Hospital, Mumbai, IN
2 Bhatia, Jaslok, Global, Nova and Wadia Hospital, Mumbai, IN

Abstract

No Abstract.

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N. Poonguzhali ¹, K. Usha ¹, E. Kavitha ²

Affiliations
1 Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry, IN
2 V.R.S. College of Engineering & Technology, Villupuram, IN

Abstract

Software development is a mentally complicated task. Different software development methodologies and quality assurance methods are used in order to attain high quality, reliable, and bug free software. extreme Programming (XP) is a software development discipline in the family of agile methodologies that contributes towards quality improvement using dozen practices. There are few important practices in the XP are Pair Programming, Refactoring and Test Driven Development. Pair or collaborative programming is a software development technique where two programmers develop software side by side at one computer. One person types in while the other reviews each line of code making it possible to create and continuously review what is being created. Refactoring which can be defined as "a change made to the internal structure of software to make it easier to understand and cheaper to modify without changing its observable behavior". Although there has been a large amount of research investigations for these concepts, but there has been little work done in quantitative approach. The main objective of the research is to develop a software development model using all these practices. The software development model proposed in such a way that all the three activities accompanies all the phases of software development. This work also shows the evaluation of effectiveness of the proposed software development model.

Keywords

Pair Programming, Refactoring, Software Development, Extreme Programming (XP),Test Driven Development.

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N. Poonguzhali ¹, K. Usha ¹, E. Kavitha ²

Affiliations
1 Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry, IN
2 V. R. S. College of Engineering & Technology, Arasur, Villupuram, IN

Abstract

Forecasting exchange rates is an important financial problem that is receiving increasing attention especially because of its difficulty and practical application. A number of techniques have emerged in the stock prediction tasks. The past researches about share forecasting usually relied on various time series models or econometric models to improve the accuracy. But, these models are limited to its linearity. Therefore, recent studies have attempted to forecast share prices using neural network models. The work combines Genetic Programming with Neural Network. It trains Neural Network with Genetic Programming and then predicts the stock price with the trained network. By learning the stock knowledge, it could find out the modes and relationship hidden in the abstract data. Exchange rates are affected by many highly correlated economic, political and even psychological factors. We propose a flexible neural tree with necessary number of hidden units and is generated initially as a flexible multi-layer feed-forward neural network evolved and also considers the approximation of sufficiently smooth multivariable function with a multilayer perceptrons. The performance of the technique is evaluated using the stock prices.Empirical results indicate that the proposed method the flexible neural tree method is better than the forecasting methods.

Keywords

Approximation, Flexible Neural Tree, Hidden Unit, Neurons, Perceptron.

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S. Saroja ¹, K. Usha ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Bio Chemistry, Avinashilingam Deemed University, Coimbatore - 641 043, IN

Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis the causative agent of tuberculosis has emerged as the single most devastating global pathogen. With nearly eight million new cases of active disease and three million deaths on its account every year, TB has displaced malaria to claim the dubious distinction of becoming the topmost killer infection of the world today. In India alone TB accounts for nearly half a million deaths from nearly two million new cases each year. There is therefore an urgent need for developing new vaccines and drugs to stem the spread of TB.

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K. Usha ¹, S. Saroja ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, Avinashilingam Deemed University, Coimbatore - 641 043, IN

Abstract

According to UNICEF, Tuberculosis remains the most frequent infectious cause of death in the world killing two million people annually. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most seriously neglected and under estimated health problems of our era. Every year, an estimated 2 million people die of Tuberculosis around the world. There are 8 million new cases annually.

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S. Saroja ¹, K. Usha ¹, P. Shoba ¹, V. Meenakumari ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Deemed University, Coimbatore - 641 043, IN

Abstract

Tuberculosis is one of the most serious public health problem in both developing and developed countries. Effective new antituberculosis drugs with bactericidal mechanism different from those of the presently available agents, i.e., isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin, quinolines including ciprofloxacin are urgently needed.

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K. Usha ¹, Janabai Giri ¹

Affiliations
1 Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Deemed University, Coimbatore - 641 043, IN

Abstract

Malnutrition in infants and young children is an important cause of ill health and high childhood mortality in many countries. An abundance of energy giving foods, good quality of proteins and minerals are required in the diet of school children because of their rapid growth.

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Nirmala K. Murthy ¹, K. Usha ¹, K. S. Annapoorani ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, [Deemed University], Coimbatore-641 043, IN

Abstract

Fibre intake is a prominent protective factor against coronary heart disease. Wright et al and Anderson suggested blood pressure lowering effect of increased dietary fibre A diet that contained increased amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin provided approximately 13 grams or more of crude fibre daily. Dietary fibre may be useful in the management of hypertension and obesity through its effects on energy density of food, and the extent of interference with nutrient bio availability.

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