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Paul Isaac ¹, K. Maya ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Mathematics, Bharata Mata College, Thrikkakara, Kochi-682 021, Kerala, IN
2 Department of Mathematics, St. Paul’s College, Kalamassery, Kochi-683 503, Kerala, IN

Abstract

This article is a study of the intuitionistic fuzzy normed linear space (ℝⁿ,A). The convergence of sequences in the (ℝⁿ,A) is studied and its relation with the convergence in (ℝ,B) is investigated. Also it studies about the Cauchy sequences in (ℝⁿ,A) and their properties. A few results are proved in this context.

AMS subject classification: 03E72, 03F55, 26E50.

Keywords

Fuzzy Set, Fuzzy Norm, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Norm, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Normed Linear Space (IFNLS)

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N. K. Babu ¹, D. Padmalal ¹, K. Maya ¹, R. Sreeja ¹, P. R. Arun ¹

Affiliations
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, P.B. No. 7250, Thuruvikkal P.O., Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 031, IN

Abstract

A study is conducted to assess the quality and seasonal variation of surface and ground water sources in and around Chalakudy basin, where intense clay mining activities for tile and brick manufacturing are taking place. The study reveals marked differences in most of the physical and chemical constituents of the ground and surface water sources. The pH, DO, BOD, conductivity, TDS, chloride, hardness and nutrient (N, P and Si) contents of ground water register high values than that of surface water. The conductivity, chloride, sutphate, hardness, calcium, magnesium and iron in the ground water samples fall within the BIS/WHO permissible limits of drinking water standards. Generally, the concentration of chemical components in ground water from clay mine areas is high compared to that from non-cIay ' mine areas. High incidence of bacterial contamination is observed in well waters which stresses the need for proper treatment prior to human consumption.

Keywords

Surface and ground water sources, Tile and brick clay mining, Water quality parameters, Chalakudy river basin, Southwest Coast of India.

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T. Lakshmanasamy ¹, K. Maya ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Econometrics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Most often the social comparison or relative income hypothesis has been used as an explanation for the lack of systematic relationship between income and happiness, using the ordered probit regression method. The identification of relevant reference group and the estimation of the differential effects of comparison income have been controversial. To overcome these twin issues, this paper uses an ordinal comparison income approach based on rich/poor dichotomy and rank income. The rank income of an individual is defined as his relative position in the income distribution within the reference group and the average income of the reference group is used to define the rich/poor classification. The differential effects of ordinal incomes across life satisfaction distribution is estimated by the panel fixed effects ordered profit regression model using the WVS data for India. The estimated results show that ordinal income comparison, rather than cardinal average reference income, is a better predictor of life satisfaction levels. Raising income level is relatively important for less satisfied people while increasing rank status is important for highly satisfied people in India.

Keywords

Happiness, Social Comparison, Cardinal Vs Ordinal Reference Income, Rank Income, Differential Effects.

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T. Lakshmanasamy ¹, K. Maya ²

Affiliations
1 Formerly Professor, Department of Econometrics, University of Madras, Chennai 600005, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, Christ University, Bangaluru 560076, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

This paper examines the validity of the Easterlin paradox - despite vast differences in income levels, happiness level across countries is pretty much close, the rise in average life satisfaction level is not systematically associated with growth in average income in any country, and nil long-run incomehappiness relationship - in India. Replicating the cross-country analysis, the income-subjective well-being relationship is analysed within-states, between states and across states over 24 years from 1990-2014 using five waves of World Values Survey data. Applying the panel fixed effects ordered probit regression method, individual and average life satisfaction and happiness levels are estimated with NSDP per capita of each state and groups of states. The long-run income-subjective well-being relationship is analysed with changes in average subjective well-being and per capita NSDP. The estimated results reveal that there is considerable variation in subjective well-being levels within, between states and across states over time in India. While life satisfaction levels declined in most states, happiness levels slightly increased in some states. The well-being gain from income growth in low-income states is comparatively better than that of developed states. In the long-run, the change in subjective well-being levels is not commensurate with the change in NSDP per capita. The empirical results of this paper on the income-subjective well-being relationship in Indian states validate the Easterlin Paradox in India. Economic growth in the states of India have not improved the human lot, in fact, it leaves people not satisfied and less happy with their life.

Keywords

No Keywords.

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K. Maya ¹, Neeraj Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bannerghatta Road Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Econometrics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The agricultural sector plays a strategic role in the process of economic development of a country. Today, this sector as a whole has developed and expanded immensely with the growth of science and technology, and there is a growing realisation and commitment among the global community that the agriculture sector has to undergo changes for a sustainable and broadbased expansion, after addressing gender-related issues through the initiation and partnerships of various national, regional, and global institutions. In developing countries like India, agriculture continues to absorb and employ the female workforce, but fails to recognise their role and importance as an employed labour force. In developing countries, women participation in the agricultural labour force is 38%. However, a large number of women have been treated as an insignificant part of the active agricultural labour force; there is also a growing gap between women’s actual economic participation and public perception about their economic participation. At this juncture, there is a growing need for the agricultural research agenda to overcome the existing gaps and to tackle the emerging problems of sustainable development and livelihood of resource-poor women farmers. Several researchers have attempted to overcome this gap through empirical research studies on gender analysis and gender roles. The present study is an attempt to highlight the trend of female workforce participation in the agricultural sector across various Indian states. The secondary data is used to analyse the growth trend of the agricultural workers over the last decade. Suitable solutions have to be delivered to women farmers for raising their productivity, through which their overall empowerment may be targeted. Other practical solutions should also be taken up to help and support women farmers.

Keywords

Cultivator, Agricultural Labour, Compound Growth Rate.

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