A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Kalaivani, K.
- Solanum nigrum Leaves Improve the Oxidative Status of Liver Tissue In vitro
Authors
1 Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore-641 043, IN
2 Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641 029, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 50, No 11 (2013), Pagination: 440-449Abstract
All biological systems exist in a constant rage of redox reactions, which are a normal component of the metabolism. The oxidation- reduction status of a cell or tissue is maintained in a balanced state by various components in the cells. When this balance is tipped in favour of the oxidation reactions, a condition called oxidative stress ensues. Severe oxidative stress can result in several pathological conditions like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders and cancer. All aerobic organisms are equipped with an effective antioxidant defence system, which can efficiently counteract the oxidative stress.References
- Carlsen, M.H., Halvorsen, B.L., Holte, K., Bøhn, S.K., Dragland, S., Sampson, L., Willey, C., Senoo, H., Umezono, Y., Sanada, C., Barikmo, I., Berhe, N., Willett, W.C., Phillips, K.M., Jacobs Jr, D.R. and Blomhoff, R. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr. J., 2010, Published online, doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-3.
- Ravipati, A.S., Zhang, L., Koyyalamudi, S.R., Jeong, S.C., Reddy, N., Bartlett, J., Smith, P.T., Shanmugam, K., Münch, G., Wu, M.J., Satyanarayanan, M. and Vysetti, B. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected Chinese medicinal plants and their relation with antioxidant content, BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12, 2012, Published online, doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-173.
- Jimenez-Del-Rio, M. and Velez-Pardo, C. The Bad, the Good and the Ugly about Oxidative stress. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev., Published online, doi: 10.1155/2012/163913. 2012.
- Slavin, J.L. and Lloyd, B. Health benefits of fruits and vegetables, Adv. Nutr., 2012, 3, 506-516.
- Fillion, L. and Henry, C.J. Nutrient losses and gains during frying: a review. Int. J. Fd. Sci. Nutr., 1998, 49, 157-168.
- Xianquan, S., Shi, J., Kakuda, Y. and Yueming, J. Stability of lycopene during food processing and storage. J. Med. Fd., 2005, 8, 413-422.
- Tang, X., Wu, Q., Le, G. and Shi, Y. Effects of heat treatment on structural modification and in vivo antioxidant capacity of soy protein. Nutr., 2012, 28, 1180-1185.
- Li, L., Li, X., Wang, AL., Jiang, Y. and Ban, Z. Effect of heat treatment on physiochemical, colour, antioxidant and microstructural characteristics of apples during storage. Int. J. Fd. Sci. Technol., 2013, 48, 727-734.
- Tandon, S.L. and Rao, G.R. Solanum nigrum L in Evolutionary Studies in World Crops (Diversity and change in the Indian subcontinent). J. Hutchinson (ed.), 1974, 109-117.
- Rao, G.R., Khan, R. and Khan, A.H. Cytomorphology and nature of sterility barriers of interspecific hybrids of some species of Solanum nigrum complex. Ind. J. Genet. Plant Breed., 1977, 37, 54-61.
- Reemakumari, M. A taxonomic revision of the Indian Solanaceae, A thesis submitted to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Botany, Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 2006.
- Zhao, X., Song, J-L., Kil, J-H. and Park, K-Y. Bamboo salt attenuates CCl4-induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr. Res. Pract., 2013, 7, 273-280.
- Das, K., Samanta, L. and Chainy, G.B.N. A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase using nitrite formation of superioxide radicals. Ind. J Biochem. Biophys., 2000, 37, 201-204.
- Sinha, A.K. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal. Biochem., 1972, 47, 389-394.
- Rotruck, J.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E. and Swanson, A.B., Hafeman, D.G. and Hoekstra, W.G. Selenium: Biochemical role as component of glutathione peroxidase. Sci., 1973,179, 588-590.
- Habig, W.H., Pabst, M.J. and Jakoby, W.B. Glutathione S-transferase: The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem., 1974, 249, 7130-7139.
- David, M. and Richard, J.S. In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Bergmeyer, J. and Grab, M. (Eds), Verlag Chemie Wenhein Deer Field, Beach Floride, 1983, 358.
- Roe, J.H. and Keuther, C.A. The determination of ascorbic acid in whole blood and urine through 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivative of dehydroascorbic acid. J.Biol. Chem., 1943,147, 399-407.
- Rosenberg, H.R. Chemistry and Physiology of the Vitamins. Interscience Publisher, New York, 1992, 425-453.
- Bayfield, R.F. and Cole, E.F. Colorimetric estimation of vitamin A with trichloroacetic acid. Meth. Enzymol., 1980, 67, 189-195.
- Moron, M.S., Depierre, J.W. and Mannervik, B. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1979, 582, 67-78.
- Niehaus, W.G. and Samuelsson, B. Formation of malondialdehyde from phospholipids arachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur. J. Biochem., 1968, 6, 126-130.
- Sim, C. and Denlinger, D.L. Catalase and superoxide dismutase-2 enhance survival and protect ovaries during overwintering diapause in the mosquito Culex pipiens. J. Insect Physiol., 2011, 57, 628-634.
- Dragoni, S., Franco, G., Regoli, M., Bracciali, M., Morandi, V., Sparagli, G., Bertelli, E. and Valoti, M. Gold nanoparticles uptake and cytotoxicity assessed on rat liver precision-cut slices. Toxicol. Sci., 2012,128, 186-197.
- Van Midwoud, P.M., Merema, M.T., Verweij, N., Gischolar_mainhuis, G.M.M. and Verpoorte, E. Hydrogel embedding of precision-cut liver slices in a microfluidic device improves drug metabolic activity. Biotechnol. Bioengg., 2011a, 108, 1404-1412.
- Van Midwoud, P.M., Janssen, J., Merema, M.T., de Graaf, I.A.M., Gischolar_mainhuis, G.M.M. and Verpoorte, E. On-line HPLC analysis system for metabolism and inhibition studies in precision-cut liver slices. Anal. Chem., 2011b, 83, 84-91.
- Rijk, J.C.W., Boveea, T.F.H., Peijnenburga, A.A.C.M., Gischolar_maina, M.J., Rietjens, I.M.C.M. and Nielena, M.W.F. Bovine liver slices: A multifunctional in vitro model to study the prohormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Toxicol. In Vitro, 2012, 26, 1014-1024.
- Rajopadhye, A.A. and Upadhye, A.S. In vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of the whole plant of Glossocardia bosvallea (L.f.) D.C. against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in liver slice culture model. J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants, 2012,18, 274-286.
- Rop, O., Reznicek, V., Valsikova, M., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J. and Kramarova, D. Antioxidant properties of European cranberrybush fruit (Viburnum opulus var. edule). Molecules, 2010, 15, 4467-4477.
- Sreelatha, S. and Padma, P.R. Protective mechanisms of Moringa oleifera against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in precision-cut liver slices. Forsch. Komplementmed., 2010, 17, 189-194.
- Palaniswamy, R. and Padma, P.R. Antioxidant activity of Majorana hortensis leaves subjected to oxidative stress in an in vitro system. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 2011a , 2, 153-157.
- Radha, P. and Padma, P.R. Effect of Bacopa monnieri leaf extract on the antioxidant profile of goat liver slices subjected to oxidative stress, In: Proceedings of the National Conference on ‘Oxidative Stress and its Complications in Human Health’, ISBN No.978–93–80697–53–6, Excel India Publishers, New Delhi, 2011, 195–200.
- Nirmaladevi, R. and Padma, P.R. Free radical scavenging activity of Rhinacanthus nasutus leaves against oxidative damage induced under in vitro conditions. Adv. Pl. Sci., 2011, 24, 9-12.
- Sumathi, S., Sowmini, C.M., Dharani, B., Sivaprabha, J. and Padma, P.R. Antioxidant status of goat liver slices treated with methanolic leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis exposed to oxidative stress. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 2011, 2, 376-382.
- Balasubramanian, K. and Padma, P.R. Protection of precision-cut goat liver slices by Zea mays leaf extracts from hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in vitro. Int. J. Pharm. Bio Sci., 2012, 3, 201-210.
- Sivaprabha, J., Dharani, B., Padma, P.R. and Sumathi, S. In vitro prevention of oxidative damage by Curcuma amada in goat liver slices exposed to oxidative stress. J. Pharm. Res., 2012, 5, 1108-1110.
- Yamuna, S.T. and Padma, P.R. Antioxidant potential of the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz in an in vitro system subjected to oxidative stress. J. Pharm. Res., 2013, 7, 661-665.
- Mishra, S., Jha, A.B. and Dubey, R.S. Arsenite treatment induces oxidative stress, upregulates antioxidant system, and causes phytochlatin synthesis in rice seedlings. Protoplasma, 2011, 248, 565-577.
- Cenini, A., G., Sultana, R.A., Memo, M. and Butterfield, A.D. Elevated levels of pro-apoptotic p53 and its oxidative modification by the lipid peroxidation product, HNE, in brain from subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2008, 12, 987-994.
- Saumya, S.M. and Basha, M. Antioxidant effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers (Banana) leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 2011, 49, 125-131.
- Das, L. and Vinayak, M. Anti-carcinogenic action of curcumin by activation of antioxidant defence system and inhibition of NF-êB signalling in lymphoma-bearing mice. Biosci. Rep., 2012, 22, 161-170.
- Palaniswamy, R. and Padma, P.R. Effect of Majorana hortensis leaves against lipid peroxidation. Asian J. Bio Sci., 2011b, 6, 87-89.
- Oyedemi, S.O., Bradley, G. and Afolayan, A.J. In vitro and-vivo antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2010, 4, 70-78.
- Afolayan, A.J. and Sumonu, T.O. Artemisia afra Jacq. ameliorates oxidative stress in the pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2011, 75, 2083-2086.
- Food Security and Dietary Intake in Pregnant Women from Urban Low Income Group
Authors
1 Division of Public Health Nutrition, Nutrition Foundation of India, New Delhi - 110 016, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 58, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 161-173Abstract
In the 1970s poverty leading to low dietary intake prior to and during pregnancy was the major factor responsible for maternal under-nutrition and low birth weight. Over the last four decades there has been reduction in poverty and household food insecurity; concurrently there has been a steep decline in physical activity and some decline in energy intake. As a result of all these changes currently both under-nutrition and over-nutrition are major public health problems in women. A study was undertaken to assess food security status of the family and dietary intake of pregnant women from urban low income families using 24 hour dietary recall. Dietary intakes of pregnant women were compared with intakes of Non-Pregnant Non-Lactating women (NPNL) from the same family. Dietary intakes of both NPNL and pregnant women were compared with Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Computation of energy intake/CU/day from the diet survey showed that these families were food secure. Both in NPNL and in pregnant women, intakes of cereal and ischolar_mains and tubers were adequate; pulse, leafy vegetables and other vegetables and milk consumption was below EAR; fat consumption was above EAR. Mean energy intake was higher than EAR in NPNL women. There was a small increase in energy intake during pregnancy and intakes met EAR in pregnant women. Dietary intake of iron was below EAR in pregnant women. In urban sedentary women from food secure families, a small but sustained higher than EAR energy intake over years appears to contribute to progressive increase in over-nutrition with increasing age.Keywords
Urban, Pregnant Women, Non-pregnant Non-lactating Women, Dietary Intake, Food Security, Estimated Average Intake, Micro-nutrients And Macro-nutrients- Service Categorization and Admission Control in Enterprise Web Services Using Capacity Distribution Algorithm
Authors
1 Department of CSE, E.G.S.Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, IN
2 Department of CSE, E.G.S.Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, IN
Source
Networking and Communication Engineering, Vol 3, No 9 (2011), Pagination: 615-619Abstract
Enterprises providing services through Internet must use online services supplied by other enterprises to compose the final services required by their end clients. The paper is aimed at providing services to the organization using service categorization mechanism which ensures stable QOS guarantees. This mechanism considers classes of requests and categories of consumers. It groups the requests carried out by consumers in secure sessions. In order that consumer servers can provide end clients with the appropriate quality of service, they must be guaranteed a determined QoS from the provider server. Under overload, this mechanism favors premium customers over basic customers so that premium customers can be protected, which maximizes the throughput and minimizes the response time. The main objective of this paper is QOS Control mechanism carries out an effective differentiation of the service provided to the consumers. It also focuses the reserving the processing capacity of the cluster for the preferential consumers during the overload periods.Keywords
Service Differentiation, Provider Server, Consumer Server, QOS.- Dynamic Routing and Agent Technology Based Security Enhanced Data Delivery with Public Key Cryptography
Authors
1 Department of CSE, E.G.S.Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, IN
2 Department of IT, BCET, Karaikal, IN
3 Department of CSE, E.G.S.Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, IN
Source
Networking and Communication Engineering, Vol 3, No 9 (2011), Pagination: 620-624Abstract
Network security measures are needed to protect data during their transmission in any type of network . In this paper we propose a security enhanced dynamic routing algorithm that explores the existence of multiple routes and forces packets to take alternate paths probabilistically with the newly constructed routing table. It makes the interception and eavesdropping maximally difficult and also increases the throughput as they make use of multiple paths. It balances the load in the nodes to avoid congestion with the help of mobile agents. This paper also provides the security services such as integrity, authentication, and authorization through public key cryptography to the proposed dynamic routing table to be exchanged among nodes against various attacks.Keywords
Improved Security Enhanced Dynamic Routing (ISEDR), Public Key Cryptography, Authentication, Authorization, RIP, DSDV, Mobile Agents.- Morbidity due to Infections in Preschool Children from Urban Low Income Households
Authors
1 Nutrition Foundation of India, C-13, Qutab Institutional Area, IN
2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Avinshilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 55, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 488-499Abstract
Respiratory infection, diarrhea and fever are three common infections in underfive children; there are substantial differences in the reported prevalence and ranking of these three morbidities between studies and surveys. Seasonal and year to year variation in prevalence of morbidity and impact of health care on the duration and severity of infection has not been explored. A large scale mixed longitudinal study of under-five children from urban low income households was carried out to document year to year and seasonal variations in the prevalence and type of morbidity and utilization of health care for morbidity and their impact on duration and severity of morbidity. Between January 2012 and Dec 2015 a total of 3888 pre-school children were investigated and 74636 observations were made; prevalence of morbidity was 10.3% (range 7.2%-11.6%). Prevalence of morbidity was higher between July and October. Respiratory infection was the most common and diarrhea was the least common illness in children. Over years there was a rise in the respiratory illness because of increase in construction activity in the study area. There was a fall in diarrhoeal diseases after construction of water supply and drainage system. Majority of the households accessed health care; as a result duration of illness was short and severe morbidity was rare. Improvement in environmental hygiene can result in reduction in morbidity. Access to health care reduces duration and severity of infection.Keywords
Pre-School Children, Morbidity, Seasonal Changes, Health Care, Environmental Hygiene.References
- Islam, F., Sarma, R., Debroy, A., Kar, S. and Pai, R. Profiling acute respiratory tract infections in children from Assam, India. J. Glob. Infect. Dis., 2013, 5, 8-14.
- Prajapati, B., Talsania, N. and Sonaliya, K.N. A study on prevalence of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) in under five children in urban and rural communities of Ahmedabad district, Gujarat. Natl. J. Comm. Med., 2011, 2, 255-259.
- Kadirvelu, U., Sharma, N., Velu, M. and Kohli, C. Epidemiology of childhood diseases in an urban resettlement colony in Delhi. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal., 2016, 4, 176-180.
- Shinde, M., Shinde, A. and Shrivastava, A. Prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in urban area of Central Madhya Pradesh. J. Evol. Med. Dental. Sci (JEMDS)., 2015, 4, 97509754.
- Khalid, M., Kumari, R., Mohan, U., Manar, K.M. and Singh, V.K. Morbidity profile of preschool children from below poverty line families of Lucknow district, North India. Int. J. Adv. Res., 2014, 2, 627-634.
- Sarkar, R., Sivarathinaswamy, P., Thangaraj, B., et al. Burden of childhood diseases and malnutrition in a semi-urban slum in southern India. BMC Public Health, 2013, 13, 87.
- Ukey, U.U. and Chitre, D.S. Morbidity profile of pre-school children in an urban slum area. Ind. Med. Gazet., 2012, 300-304.
- Ishore, K., Bhattacherjee, S. and Das, D.K. Morbidity among tribal under-five children of tea garden areas in a block of Darjeeling district, West Bengal: A cross-sectional study.J. Clin. Diag. Res., (JCDR), 2015, 9, LC01.
- Singh, B., Ghosh, A. and Singh, A. Health problems in children and associated remedial measures in Punjab, India. Int. J. Med. Sci. Pub. Health, 2015, 4, 173-178.
- Narkhede, V., Sinha, U., Bhardwaj, S.D. and Pitale, S. Morbidity profile in under five children in urban slum area of Nagpur. Nat. J. Comm. Med., 2012, 3, 442-446.
- Kumar, S.G., Majumdar, A., Kumar, V., Naik, B. N., Selvaraj, K. and Balajee, K. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban and rural areas of Puducherry, India. J. Natur. Sci. Biol. Med., 2015, 6, 3.
- Srivastava, D.K., Tripathi, D., Gour, N., et al. Morbidity profile of the under five children in urban slums of Etawah District. Ind. J. Comm. Health, 2012, 24, 153-157.
- Grover, V.L., Chhabra, P., Malik, S. and Kannan, A.T. Pattern of morbidity and mortality amongst under-fives in an urban resettlement colony of East Delhi. Ind. J. Preven. Soc. Med., 2004, 35, 22-26.
- Singh, H.N., Devi, H.S., Singh, Y.M., Leikai, T.L., Gate, N.F. and Lamphel, I. Study on morbidity among under-five children of a rural area of manipur, thanga: A cross-sectional study. J. Evolu. Med. Dent. Sci., 2013, 16, 43-47.
- Jyothi, L.A., Begum, K., Saraswathi, G. and Prakash, J. Influence of nutrition and environment on morbidity profile of Indian preschool children. Malay. J. Nutr., 2005, 11, 121-132.
- Kumar, S., Nagesh, S. and Premarajan, K.C. Pattern of morbidity and changes in nutritional status among under five children in a slum of South Delhi, India. J. The Nepal Med. Associa., 2004, 43.
- Giri, V.C., Dhage, V.R., Zodpey, S.P., Ughade, S.N. and Biranjan, J.R. Prevalence and pattern of childhood morbidity in a tribal area of Maharashtra. Ind. J. Pub. Health, 2008, 52, 207-209.
- Mane, V., Nack, T.B., Mallappa, O. and Ambure, O. Morbidity pattern and its associated factors among preschool children: a cross-sectional study. Int. J. Preven. Pub. Health Sci., 2016, 1, 13-15.
- IIPS National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1). Available at: http://www.nfhsindia.org/ india1.html, accessed on 18.8.2018.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2). Available at: http://www.nfhsindia.org/ india2.html, accessed on 18.8.2018.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3). http//www. rchiips.org/nfhs/ nfhs3.shtmlaccessed on 18.8.2018.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). Fact sheets Available at: http//www. rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtmaccessed on 18.8.2018.
- Can Iron and Folic Acid-IFA and Ca & Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy be Fitted into Habitual Pattern of Three Meals A Day?
Authors
1 Nutrition Foundation of India, South Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 56, No 4 (2019), Pagination: 341-350Abstract
In India prevalence of anaemia and vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy are widespread. National programmes recommend that two tablets of iron and folic acid (IFA) and two tablets of calcium and vitamin D (Ca & Vit D) to be given every day from second trimester till delivery. To minimize the side effects and increase compliance, it is advised that each tablet should be taken after a meal. Most households follow a three meal pattern. A study was taken up to find out how IFA and Ca & Vit D supplementations can be fitted into the habitual three meal pattern. A short term crossover supplementation study was carried out on 38 pregnant women to assess side effects following consumption after lunch of one or two tablets containing 500mg elemental calcium (as calcium carbonate) and 250 IU vitamin D or 60 mg of elemental iron as ferrous sulphate. Prevalence of side effects was higher in women who received iron supplements as compared to Ca & Vit D supplements. Taking two tablets of Ca & Vit D together after meal was associated with significantly higher prevalence of side effects as compared to taking one tablet after meal. Taking two tablets of iron together after meal was not associated with any significant increase in prevalence of side effects as compared to one tablet. Giving two tablets of iron together after one meal and giving one tablet of calcium and vitamin after two meals is feasible option for providing two tablets each of iron and Ca & Vit D to pregnant women who habitually follow a three meal pattern.Keywords
Iron Folic Acid Supplementation, Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation, Pregnancy, Side Effects Following Supplementation.References
- World Health Organization (2015). The global prevalence of anaemia in 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/global_prevalence_anaemia_2011/en/, accessed on October 10, 2018.
- Menon, M.K.K. Observations on anaemia in pregnancy. Proceeding of Nutrition Society of India, Vol. II. Hyderabad: National Institute of Nutrition; 1968, 1-18.
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW). Prophylaxis against nutritional anaemia among mothers and children. Technical Information, MCH No. 1. New Delhi: Government of India; 1970.
- MoHFW (1989) Report of the meeting on Prevention and control of nutritional anaemias Government of India and UNICEF New Delhi.
- MoHFW (2013). Guidelines for Control of Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Available from: http://www.pbnrhm.org/docs/iron_plus_guidelines.pdf, accessed on September 23, 2017.
- Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Time trends in prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy. The Ind. J. Med. Res., 2018, 147, 268-277.
- MoHFW (2018). Anemia Mukt Bharat. Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative (I-NIPI): Operational Guidelines for Programme Managers. April, 2018.
- Sachan, A., Gupta, R., Das, V., Agarwal, A., Awasthi, P. K. and Bhatia, V. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their new-borns in northern India. The Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 81, 1060-1064.
- Balasubramanian, S. and Ganesh, R. Vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-fed infants. Ind. J. Med. Res., 2008, 127, 250-255.
- Jain, V., Gupta, N., Kalaivani, M., Jain, A., Sinha, A. and Agarwal, R. Vitamin D deficiency in healthy breastfed term infants at 3 months and their mothers in India: seasonal variation and determinants. The Ind. J. Med. Res., 2011, 133, 267-273.
- Harinarayan, C.V. Vitamin D deficiency in sun drenched India–Can D-lightful sunlight be a respite?- Sunlight D lemma. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 2018, 84, 923-935.
- MOHFW (2014) National Guidelines for calcium supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. http://www.nrhmhp.gov.in/sites/default/files/files/NG_calcium.pdf Accessed on 21.07.2019.
- ICMR (1989) Report of the evaluation of national anaemia prophylaxis programme -ICMR task force study, ICMR New Delhi.
- Koenig, M., Tussing-Humphreys, L., Day, J., Cadwell, B. and Nemeth, E. Hepcidin and iron homeostasis during pregnancy. Nutr., 2014, 6, 3062-3083.
- Moretti, D., Goede, J.S., Zeder, C., Jiskra, M., Chatzinakou, V., Tjalsma, H. and Zimmermann, M. B. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood, 2015, 126, 1981-1989.
- Stoffel, N.U., Cercamondi, C.I., Brittenham, G., Zeder, C., Geurts-Moespot, A.J., Swinkels, D.W., Moretti, D. and Zimmermann, M.B. Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. The Lancet Haematol., 2017, 4, e524-e533.
- Use of Mother Child Protection Card for Improving Infant Feeding Practices
Authors
1 Nutrition Foundation of India, C-13, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016, IN
2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore - 641 043, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 56, No 4 (2019), Pagination: 351-364Abstract
For the last four decades India had invested in interventions for improving household food security, supplementary feeding programmes and health care to pre-school children. However under-nutrition rates in under-five children continue to be high. Poor infant and young child feeding and caring practices had been identified as the major modifiable factors associated with under-nutrition especially in the critical first two years. Mother Child Protection Card (MCPC) was introduced as the critical intervention tool for combating these two factors and improving nutritional status of the children. A community based mixed longitudinal study was taken up in urban low middle income group mothers with under-three children to assess feasibility and impact of using MCPC as a supportive tool for nutrition and health education regarding infant and young child feeding and care during illness. Mothers readily accepted MCPC, kept it safely and produced it when requested. MCPC with authentic pictorial messages was used by all health and nutrition front line workers and research team; this practice ensured uniformity in nutrition and health education messages. Over 90% of infants at 2 months and over 2/3rd at 5 months were solely breast-fed. By 8th month almost all infants received semi-solid food. Almost all families accessed health care during illness and followed the advice regarding feeding during illness and convalescence. As a result the mean z scores for weight-for-age did not show any deterioration in the first year. MCPC is a useful tool in providing nutrition and health education and improving infant feeding practices.Keywords
Mother Child Protection Card, Under-Three Children, Infant Feeding, Morbidity, Nutritional Status.References
- Jones, G., Steketee, R. W., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A. and Morris, S. S. Bellagio child survival study group. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet, 2003, 362, 65-71.
- Bhutta, Z.A., Ahmed, T., Black, R.E., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., Haider, B.A., Kirkwood, B., Morris, S.S., Sachdev, H.P. and Shekar, M. Maternal and child under nutrition study group. What works? Interventions for maternal and child under nutrition and survival. Lancet, 2008, 371, 417-440.
- Ramachandran, P. Nutrition transition in India, 2008, 1947-2007. http://wcd.nic/publications.htm accessed on 10.7.2018MDG doc
- Ramachandran. P. and Kalaivani, K. Nutrition transition in India: challenges in achieving global targets. Proc. Ind. Natn. Sci. Acad., 2018, 84, 821-833.
- Gupta, A. and Thakur, N. Infant and young feeding practices in India: Current status and progress towards SDG targets. Proc. Ind. Natn. Sci. Acad., 2018, 84, 853-865.
- Aggarwal, A., Verma, S., Faridi, M.M.A. and Dayachand. Complementary feeding-reasons for in appropriateness in timing, quantity and consistency. Ind. J. Pediat., 2008, 75, 49-53.
- Chaturvedi, A., Nakkeeran, N., Doshi, Patel, R. and Bhagwat, S. Capacity of frontline ICDS functionaries to support caregivers on Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices in Gujarat, India. Asia Pac. J. Clini. Nutr., 2014, 23, S29-S37.
- Parikh, P. and Sharma, K. Knowledge and perceptions of ICDS anganwadi workers with reference to promotion of community based complementary feeding practices in semi tribal Gujarat. Nat. J. Commu. Med., 2011, 2, 457-464.
- Aruldas, K., Khan, M.E. and Hazra, A. Increasing appropriate complementary feeding in rural Uttar Pradesh. The J. Family Welfare, 2010, 56, 51-56.
- Imdad, A., Yakoob, M.Y. and Bhutta, Z.A. Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding and provision of complementary foods on child growth in developing countries. BMC Public Health, 2011, 11, S25.
- Kushwaha, K.P., Sankar, J., Sankar, M.J., Gupta A, Dadhich, J.P., Gupta, Y.P., Bhatt, G.C., Ansari, D.A. and Sharma, B. Effect of peer counselling by mother support groups on infant and young child feeding practices: the Lalitpur experience. PLoS One, 2014, 9, 1-8.
- Malhotra, N. Inadequate feeding of infant and young children in India: lack of nutritional information or food affordability? Public Health Nutr., 2012, 16, 1723-1731.
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16 India report http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf
- Kalaivani, K. and Prema Ramachandran. Combating the triple burden of malnutrition: World Health Assembly targets for 2025 NFI Bulletin: 2017, 38, 1-8.
- FAO The State of Food Insecurity in the World. www.fao.org/publications/sofi/2013/en/ accessed on August 22, 2018.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey-1, http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-1.shtml, accessed on 10 Dec 2018.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey-2, http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-2.shtml, accessed on 10 Dec 2018.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey-3, http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-3.shtml, accessed on 10 Dec 2018.
- IIPS - District Level Household and Facility Survey DLHS-1 http://rchiips.org/PRCH-1.html accessed on 28 March 2019.
- IIPS - District Level Household and Facility Survey DLHS-2http://rchiips.org/PRCH-2.html accessed on 28 March 2019.
- IIPS - District Level Household and Facility Survey DLHS-3http://rchiips.org/PRCH-3.html accessed on 28 March 2019.
- IIPS District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-4) 2014 https://data.gov.in/.../district-level-household-and-facility-survey-dlhs-4 accessed on 28 March 2019.
- RGI: Annual Health Survey CAB component: CAB State Fact Sheets www.http://www.censusindiagov.in/2011census/hh-series.cab.html accessed on 28.3.2019 AHS CAB
- Dual Nutrition Burden in Urban Women from Low Middle Income Families
Authors
1 Nutrition Foundation of India, New Delhi - 110 016, IN
2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore - 641 043, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 57, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 10-24Abstract
Currently India is experiencing dual nutrition burden. Prevalence of both under and over nutrition is reported to be higher in women as compared to men. Over nutrition rates in Delhi are among the highest in India. A mixed longitudinal study was undertaken to assess nutritional status of urban women from low middle income families. Between January 2015 and December 2017, 4155 non-pregnant non-lactating women were enrolled for this observational study. These women belonged to food secure low middle income families. They were living in highly congested urban localities in one or two room tenements and had no access to public spaces where they could go for walk or discretionary physical activities. In all women, height was measured at enrolment. Efforts were made to measure weight, mid upper arm, waist and hip circumferences once in three months. Prevalence of under nutrition (BMI < 18.5) in the 18-29 years age group was 12.1%, but 33.9% had BMI of ≥25. There was a progressive increase in over-nutrition, high waist and hip circumferences with increasing age; 68.4% of women aged 50 years and above were over-nourished. None of the undernourished women had waist circumference ≥ 80 cm; among the normally nourished 8.5% and in the over-nourished women 3/4th had waist circumference above 80cm. Hip circumference showed a similar trend but prevalence of ≥ 102 cm was lower. Prevalence of over nutrition, truncal and abdominal adiposity was high in women from Delhi low middle income families.
Keywords
Dual Nutrition Burden, Over Nutrition, Non-Pregnant Women, Bmi, Anthropometric Measurement.References
- Ramachandran, P. The double burden of malnutrition in India, 2006. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0442e/a0442e01.pdf accessed on 22.8.2019.
- Ramachandran, P. and Kalaivani, K. Nutrition transition in India challenges in achieving the global nutrition targets. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad., 2018, 84, 821- 833.
- Prabhakaran, D. Differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in urban and rural India: a problem of urbanization. Chronic Illness, 2007, 3, 8-19.
- Reddy, K.S. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Public Health Nutr., 2004, 7, 167-186.
- NNMB, Diet and nutritional status of rural population, prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among adults and infant and young child feeding practices. Report of third repeat survey. Technical report No: 26. National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad, 2012. Http://www.nnmbindia.org/1_NNMB_Third_Repeat_Rural_Survey_Technicl_Report_26.pdf, accessed on 22.8.2019
- NNMB, Diet and Nutritional status of urban population in India and prevalence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia in urban men and women. Technical report No: 27. National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad, 2017. http://ninindia.org/NNMB%20Urban%20Nutrition%20survey%20%20report-Final%2025-09-2017pdf, accessed on 22.8.2019.
- IIPS, National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 1 http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs1.shtml accessed on 22.8.2019, 1998.
- IIPS, National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2 http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs2.shtml accessed on 22.8.2019, 1998.
- IIPS, National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 3 http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml accessed on 22.8.2019, 2006.
- IIPS, National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 4 Fact sheets http://rchiips.org/nfhs/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml accessed on 22.8.2019, 2015.
- IIPS, District Level Household and Facility Survey DLHS-2 http://rchiips.org/PRCH-2.html accessed on 22.8.2019, 2004
- IIPS, District Level Household and Facility Survey DLHS-4 http://rchiips.org/DLHS-4.html accessed on 22.8.2019, 2014
- RGI, Annual Health Survey: CAB component http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hhseries/cab.html accessed on 22.8.2019, 2015.
- WHO, Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio Report of a WHO Expert Consultation Geneva 2008, 811.
- Bhargava, S. K. Adult health and human capital; Impact of birth weight and childhood growth. Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2018.
- Performance Evaluation of Anaerobic Baffled Biodigester for Treatment of Black Water
Authors
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 118, No 8 (2020), Pagination: 1265-1274Abstract
In this study, the performance of anaerobic baffled biodigester installed in different regions of South India was evaluated for black water treatment. The evaluation was based on the vendors, establishment, impact of different sampling method s (grab and composite sampling) and the application of post-treatment unit. The treatment efficiency of the digester was assessed in terms of removal of organics (biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) ), total suspended solids (TSS) and pathogens (faecal coliform). The maximum removal rate of COD, BOD and TSS was found to be in the range of 70–75%, 68– 80% and 55–75% respectively. Variations were observed between the grab and composite samplings with respect to the removal efficiency of organics, solids and pathogens. There was no significant difference in the performances of anaerobic biodigesters installed by different vendors in South India. The application of post- treatment unit such as gravel bed/reed bed after biodigester facilitated the removal of residual organic pollutants and provided better quality outlet water. The results indicated that the perfo rmance of anaerobic baffled biodigesters varies based on the number of users, location, usage pattern and the post-treatment unit installed.Keywords
Anaerobic Digestion, Biodigester, Black Water, Community Toilet, Onsite Treatment, Sanitation.References
- Lindley, S. T., Estimation of population growth and extinction parameters from noisy data. Ecol. Appl., 2003, 13, 806–813.
- Martin, H., The Archaean grey gnesisses and the genesis of continental crust. In Archaean Crustal Evolution (ed. Condie, K. C.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherland, 1994, pp. 205–259.
- Rao, K. N. and Vaidyanadhan, R., Geomorphic features in Krishna Delta and its evolution. In Proceedings of the National Symposium on Morphology and Evolution of Landforms, Department of Geology, Delhi University, New Delhi, 1978.
- WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply and Sanitation Monitoring Programme, 2014. Progress on drinking water and sanitation: 2014 update. World Health Organization.
- Jin, Z. et al., Black water collected from the septic tank treated with a living machine system: HRT effect and microbial community structure. Chemosphere, 2018, 210, 745–752.
- Medilanski, E., Chuan, L., Mosler, H. J., Schertenleib, R. and Larsen, T. A., Wastewater management in Kunming, China: a stakeholder perspective on measures at the source. Environ. Urban., 2006, 18, 353–368.
- Larsen, T. A. and Gujer, W., Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solution (human urine). Water Sci. Technol., 1996, 34, 87–94.
- Sasse, L., DEWATS: decentralised wastewater treatment in developing countries. Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, Germany, 1998.
- Lutterbeck, C. A., Zerwes, F. V., Radtke, J. F., Köhler, A., Kist, L. T. and Machado, Ê. L., Integrated system with constructed wetlands for the treatment of domestic wastewaters generated at a rural property – evaluation of general parameters, ecotoxicity and cytogenetics. Ecol. Eng., 2018, 115, 1–8.
- Sabry, T., Evaluation of decentralized treatment of sewage employing upflow septic tank/baffled reactor (USBR) in developing countries. J. Hazard. Mater., 2010, 174, 500–505.
- Sharma, M. K. and Kazmi, A. A., Anaerobic onsite treatment of black water using filter-based packaged system as an alternative of conventional septic tank. Ecol. Eng., 2015, 75, 457–461.
- Zhou, J., Wang, X. C., Ji, Z., Xu, L. and Yu, Z., Source identification of bacterial and viral pa thogens and their survival/fading in the process of wastewater treatment, reclamation, and environmental reuse. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2015, 31, 109–120.
- Ladu, J. L. C. and Lü, X. W., Effects of hydraulic retention time, temperature, and effluent recycling on efficiency of anaerobic filter in treating rural domestic wastewater. Water Sci. Eng., 2014, 7, 168–182.
- Bodik, I., Kratochv, L. K., Gaparikov, E. and Hutan, M., Nitrogen removal in an anaerobic baffled filter reactor with aer obic post-treatment. Bioresour. Technol., 2003, 86, 79–84.
- Luostarinen, S., Sanders, W., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K. and Zeeman, G., Effect of temperature on anaerobic treatment of black water in UASB-septic tank systems. Bioresour Technol., 2007, 98, 980– 986.
- Langenhoff, A. A. and Stuckey, D. C., Treatment of dilute wastewater using an anaerobic baffled reactor: effect of low temperature. Water Res., 2000, 34, 3867–3875.
- Manariotis, I. D. and Grigoropoulos, S. G., Low-strength wastewater treatment using an anaerobic baffled reactor. Water Environ. Res., 2002, 74, 170–176.
- Kumar, G. S., Kar, S. S. and Jain, A., Health and environmental sanitation in India: issues for prioritizing control strategies. Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med., 2011, 15, 93.
- American Public Health Association (APHA) (2012) Standard method for examination of water and wastewater, 18th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
- Ramana, K. V., Tomar, A. and Singh, L., Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2000, 16, 245–248.
- DRDO FICCI, Accelerated technology assessment and commercialization, 2014; http://drdoficciatac.com/biodigester/ aboutus.asp.
- Kujawa-Roeleveld, K. and Zeeman, G., Anaerobic treatment in decentralised and source separation-based sanitation concepts. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol., 2006, 5, 115–139
- Hocaoglu, S. M., Insel, G. and Cokgor, E. U., COD fractionation and biodegradation kinetics of segregated domestic wastewater: black and grey water fractions. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2010, 85, 1241–1249.
- Colon, J., Aaron, A., Forbis-Stokes and Deshusses, M. A., Anaerobic digestion of undiluted simulant human excreta for sanitation and energy recovery in less-developed countries, Energy Sustain. Dev., 2015, 57–64.
- DeGraaff, M. S., Zeeman, G., Temmink, H. and Buisman, C. J. N., Anaerobic treatment of concentrated black water in a UASB reactor at a short HRT. Water, 2010, 2, 101–119.
- Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., New York, USA, 2003.
- Voorthuizen, E., Zwijnenburg, A., van der Meer, W. and Temmink, H., Biological black water treatment combined with membrane separation. Water Res., 2008, 42, 4334–4340
- Munoz, M. A., Rosales, R. M., Gabarron, M., Faz, A. and Acosta, J. A., Effects of the hydraulic retention time on pig slurry purification by constructed wetlands and stabilization ponds.Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 2016, 9, 227–293.
- CPCB, MoEFCC draft notification, Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, 2015.
- Nguyen, A. V., Pham, N. T., Nguyen, T. H., Morel, A. and Tonderski, K., Improved septic tank with constructed wetland, a promising decentralized wastewater treatment alternative in Vietnam. In NOWRA 16th Annual Technical Education Conference and Exposition, Hanoi, 2007, pp. 1–17.
- Schaeffer, D. J., Kerster, H. W. and Janardan, K. G., Grab versus composite sampling: a primer for the manager and engineer.J. Environ. Manage., 1980, 4, 157–163.
- Growth Monitoring in Under-Three Children Using the Mother Child Protection Card
Authors
1 Nutrition Foundation of India, C-13, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016, IN
2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore - 641 043, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 57, No 4 (2020), Pagination: 368-386Abstract
Right from its inception, ICDS programme envisaged monthly weighing and monitoring of growth in under-three children for early detection of under-nutrition. Currently accurate portable digital balances are available in anganwadi and Mother Child Production Card (MCPC) with child growth charts has been provided to children. A community based mixed longitudinal study was taken up in under-three children from urban low middle income families to assess feasibility and impact of growth monitoring and appropriate nutrition education using MCPC. Monthly weighing of children and plotting the weight-for-age in the MCPC was carried out by the research staff. A total of 5708 children were enrolled and followed up over 32879 visits between 2015 and 2019. Plotting the weight-for-age of the child in growth chart enabled identification of underweight children at the time of the visit so that appropriate nutrition and health education and care can be provided. Monthly weighing and plotting weight-for-age in growth chart enabled identification of small children growing along their own trajectory and prevented them from being mislabelled as under-nourished. Children showing deterioration in Weight for age Z score (WAZ) as compared to earlier visit(s) were readily identified and given needed advice. Personalised nutrition and health education provided at each visit taking into account current nutritional status, morbidity and Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices (IYCF) helped in preventing rise in underweight rates in the first 18 months and brought about some improvement in nutritional status of moderate and severely underweight children. It is feasible to operationalize growth monitoring as envisaged in Poshan Abhiyaan and accelerate the pace of reduction in under-nutrition in under three children.Keywords
Urban, Under-Three Children, Low Middle Income Families, Growth Monitoring, Mother Child Protection Card, Nutritional Status.References
- National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau: Technical Report for the year 1979 and pooled report .1974-1979 available athttps://www.nin.res.in/downloads/Report_for_the_year_1979.pdf Accessed on 28 July2020
- ICDS programme Ministry of Women and Child Development: Integrated child development services program (ICDS) available at www./icds-wcd.nic.in/frameworkapip.pdf Accessed on 28 July 2020.
- Ramachandran, P. and Kalaivani, K. Nutrition transition in India: Challenges in achieving global targets. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad., 2018, 84, 821-833.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey-1 available at http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-1.shtml, accessed on 28 July 2020
- IIPS. ‘National Family Health Survey-2 available at http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-2.shtml, accessed on 28 July 2020
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey- 3. available at http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-3.shtml, accessed on 28 July 2020
- IIPS ‘National Family Health Survey-4 Fact sheet available at http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-4.shtml, accessed on 28 July 2020.
- NNMB technical reports 21 to 26 available at http://nnmbindia.org/NNMBREPORTS-web.pdf accessed on 28 July 2020
- Prabhakar, K., Kalaivani, K., Kowsalya, S. and Ramachandran, P. Use of mother child protection card for improving infant feeding practices. Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 2019, 56, 351-364.
- Lakshmi, R.V., Subapriya, M., Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Nutritional status of preschool children from urban low income families. Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 2019, 56, 265-273.
- Maternal Nutrition and Birth Weight in Dual Nutrition Burden Era
Authors
1 Division of Public Health Nutrition, Nutrition Foundation of India, New Delhi, Delhi - 110 016, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 59, No 2 (2022), Pagination: 187-196Abstract
In the 1970s low dietary intake, pre-pregnancy under-nutrition and low weight gain during pregnancy were thought to be the major factors responsible for over 1/3rd of infants being born with low birth weight in India. Over decades there has been improvement in nutritional status of women; currently both maternal under-nutrition and over-nutrition are major public health problems. Despite improvement in maternal nutritional status, there has been no improvement in birth weight. A study was taken up in women from urban low-middle-income families, to assess maternal nutritional status, weight gain during pregnancy and birth weight; in a sub-group of women the magnitude of residual post-pregnancy weight retention was investigated. Urban women from low-middle-income families (1235) attending antenatal clinics in primary health care institution or receiving antenatal care in community settings, were enrolled for this longitudinal observational study. Gestational age and weight were recorded in 1235 women during 4467 antenatal visits. Mean weight gain in 2nd and 3rd trimester was 7.5 kg. Data on birth-weight was available in 853 women; mean birth-weight was 2.7 kg. In 145 women in whom pre- and post-pregnancy weight was available; the post-pregnancy weight retention was 1.9 kg. Women were heavier before and during pregnancy and there has been improvement in pregnancy weight gain as compared to two decades ago but there was no change in mean birth-weight. Screening, identifying under- or over-nourished pregnant women and providing them with appropriate nutrition and health care can enable improvement in maternal nutrition and birth weight.Keywords
Pre Pregnancy Weight, Pregnancy Weight Gain, Post Pregnancy Weight Retention, Women from Low Middle Income Groups, Birth WeightReferences
- Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements, ( 1973) . Energy and protein requirements. WHO Tech Rep Ser No.552. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41042 accessed on 20.6.2020.
- National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) All the Technical Reports of the NNMB. Available from: http//nnmbindia.org/downloads accessed on 20.6.2020.
- Ramachandran, P. (1989). Nutrition in pregnancy in women and nutrition in India. Editors. C. Gopalan, Surinder Kaur, Special Publication no. 5. Nutrition Foundation of India.
- Ramachandran, P. Maternal nutrition- effect on fetal growth and outcome of pregnancy. Nutr. Rev., 2002, 60, 26-34.
- Ramachandran, P. and Kalaivani, K. Nutrition transition in India: Challenges in achieving global targets. Proc. Ind. Natn. Sci. Aca., 2018, 84.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey-3. Available from: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-3.shtml accessed on 20.6.2020.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey-4. Available from: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pub_nfhs-4.shtml accessed on 20.6.2020.
- Goel, A., Devi, A.T., Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Dual nutrition burden in urban women from low middle income families. The Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 2020, 57, 10-24.
- Sharma, A., Patnaik, R., Garg, S. and Ramachandran, P. Detection and management of anaemia in pregnancy in an urban primary health care institution. Ind. J. Med. Res., 2008, 128.
- Darby, W.J., McGanity, W.J., Martin, M.P., Bridgforth, E., Densen, P.M., Kaser, M.M. and Cannon, R. O. The vanderbilt cooperative study of maternal and infant nutrition: IV. Dietary, laboratory and physical findings in 2,129 delivered pregnancies: Five figures. The J. Nutr., 1953, 51, 565-597.
- Thomson, A.M. and Billewicz, W.Z. Clinical significance of weight trends during pregnancy. Br. Med. J., 1957, 1, 243.
- Thomson, A.M. and Hytten, F.E. Calorie requirements in human pregnancy. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 1961, 20, 76-83.
- Venkatachalam, P. S. Maternal nutritional status and its effect on the newborn. Bull. World Heal. Organiz., 1962, 26, 193.
- Bagchi, K. and Bose, A.K. Effect of low nutrient intake during pregnancy on obstetrical performance and offspring. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1962, 11, 586-592.
- Ministry of Women and Child Development, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).Available from: wcd.nic.in accessed on 20.6.2020.
- ICMR –NIN Report of an Expert Group: Nutrient requirements for Indians, (2020). National Institute of Nutrition - Hyderabad
- Pramanik, A., Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Food security and dietary intake in pregnant women from urban low-income group. The Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 2021, 58, 161 -173
- Kramer, M. S. Determinants of low birth weight: Methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bull. World Health Organization, 1987, 65, 663.
- Ghosh, S., Bhargava, S.K., Madhavan, S., Taskar, A.D., Bhargava, V. and Nigam, S.K. Intra-uterine growth of North Indian babies. Pediat., 1971, 47, 826-830.
- Ramachandran, P. Nutrition and child survival in India. The Ind. J. Pediat., 2010, 77, 301-5.
- Gopalan, S. Low birth weight-causes, consequences and interventions to achieve reduction. In Proc. Ind. Natl. Sci. Acad., 2018, 84, 843-851.
- Ramalingaswami, V., Jonsson, U. and Rhode, J. Malnutrition: A south Asian enigma. Malnutrition in south Asia: A regional profile. UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, 1997, 11-22.
- Ramachandran, P. and Kalaivani, K. Millennium development goals (MDG): India’s progress and way forward to sustainable development goals. Proc. Ind. Natl. Sci. Acad., 2016, 82, 1351-1365.
- Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Millennium Development Goals India Country Report. (2015) Available from: http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mdg_2july15_1.pdf accessed on 20.6.2020.
- Institute of Medicine (US). Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain during Pregnancy. Nutrition during Pregnancy: Part I, Weight Gain: Part II, Nutrient Supplements. National Academy Press, 1990.
- Rasmussen, K.M., Yaktine, A. L. and Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Re-examine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines (Eds.). Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Re-examining the Guidelines. National Academies Press (US), 2009.
- Goel, A., Devi, A.T. Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Effect of lactation on nutritional status in urban women from low middle-income families. The Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 2020, 57, 222-239.
- Food Consumption and Nutritional Status of Urban Low Middle-Income Families
Authors
1 Division of Public Health Nutrition, Nutrition Foundation of India, Delhi, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 59, No 3 (2022), Pagination: 357-368Abstract
In the 1970s Green Revolution enabled India to become self-sufficient in food production, but poverty, low dietary intake and under-nutrition were high. India identified poor families on the basis of energy consumption, provided employment to these families to improve purchasing power, subsidized food grains through PDS to improve family food security and food supplementation through ICDS to children and women from poor families to bridge the gap in their dietary intake. Over years, there has been a decline in under-nutrition but rate of decline was slow. The country is currently having persistent high under-nutrition in children, rise in over-nutrition in adults and increasing intra-family differences in nutritional status. A study was taken up in 547 urban low middle-income families with dual nutrition burden, to assess the current food and macronutrient consumption and food security status of the families and the nutritional status of the individual family members. The average energy intake of these families was 1900 Kcal. This was lower than the EAR for reference population (2110 Kcal/day) but higher by 140 Kcal when compared to the EAR for average Indian population (1760 Kcal/day). In pre-school and school-age children stunting rates were high but wasting and over-nutrition rates were low. Over-nutrition rates in adults were high perhaps due to higher energy intake as compared to the requirements for the short-statured sedentary adults. In view of these findings, it may be useful to explore a dual approach: programmes aimed at improving household food security continue to focus on families; while programmes aimed at improving nutritional status focus on anthropometric screening of individual members (children and adults) for early identification of under-or over-nutrition, appropriate management and monitoring improvement.Keywords
Dietary Intake, Nutritional Status, Non-communicable Diseases, Children, Women, Men, UrbanReferences
- Ramachandran, P. The Double Burden of Malnutrition in India. (2006) Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0442e/a0442e01, accessed on 2.2.2022.
- Ramachandran, P. Poverty nutrition linkages. Ind. J. Med. Res., 2007, 126, 249-261.
- National Food Security Act, (NFSA) 2013. Available at: National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 (dfpd.gov.in), accessed on 2.2.2022.
- NSSO: Consumer expenditure surveys. Available from: http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/national_data_bank/ndb-rpts.htm. Accessed on 10.01.2022.
- National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) Technical Reports of the NNMB 1979 to 2012.Available from: http//nnmbindia.org/downloads. Accessed on 20.1.2022.
- ICMR-NIN Expert Group on Nutrient Requirement for Indians, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)-2020. NIN, Hyderabad
- Ramachandran, P. and Kalaivani, K. Nutrition transition in India: Challenges in achieving global targets. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad., 2018, 84, 821-833.
- Ramachandran, P. Food and nutrition security: Challenges in the new millennium. Ind. J. Med. Res., 2013, 138, 373-382.
- IIPS National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1). Available at: http://www.nfhsindia.org/india1.html, accessed on 2.2.2022.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2). Available at: http://www.nfhsindia.org/india2.html, accessed on 2.2.2022.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3). Available at: http://www.nfhsindia.org/India3.html, accessed on 2.2.2022.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). Available at: http://www.nfhsindia.org/India4.html, accessed on 2.2.2022.
- IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). Fact sheets Available at: http//www.rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-5,shtm, accessed on 2.2.2022.
- District level Household Survey 2. Available at: http//rchiips.org/pdf/rch2/National_Report_RCHII.pdf. Accessed on 2,2,2022.
- District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-4). Available at: http://rchiips.org/DLHS-4.html. Accessed on 28.12022.
- RGI Clinical anthropometric and biochemical component of Annual health survey Fact sheets. Available at: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ 2011census/hh-series/cab.html Accessed on 28.1 2022.
- MWCD and UNICEF. Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18. Available at: https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2019RH_ CNNSreport.pdf. accessed on 2.2.2022.
- Pramanik, A., Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Food security and dietary intake in pregnant women from urban low-income group. Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 2021, 58, 161-173.
- Kumari, H., Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Nutritional Status of parents and their pre-school children. Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 2021, 58, 489-500.
- Kumari, H., Kalaivani, K. and Ramachandran, P. Intra-family differences in nutritional status between pre-school children and women. Int. J. Comm. Med. Pub. Health., 2020, 7, 2580-2587.