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Journals
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Aruna, K.
- Optimisation Studies for the Immobilization of Oligonucleotide Probe on Silica Nanoparticles
Abstract Views :647 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, J.N.T.U.A. College of Engineering, Pulivendula-516390 Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, J.N.T.U, Hyderabad-500085, Andhra Pradesh, IN
1 Department of Biotechnology, J.N.T.U.A. College of Engineering, Pulivendula-516390 Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, J.N.T.U, Hyderabad-500085, Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology Research, Vol 3, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 9-17Abstract
Bionanotechnology refers to engineered nanostructures and nanomachines or naturally occurring cell machinery with biological molecules such as proteins, peptides, DNA, RNA in a living organism. A new approach for immobilization of probe oligonucleotides that uses 3- Aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified silica nanoparticles is proposed. Various studies, i.e., synthesis of silica nanoparticles, their surface modification, probe immobilization, effect of time and fluorescence measurement of hybridization were carried out during optimization of reaction conditions. The probe modified silica nanoparticles were retained their properties and the hybridization was induced by exposure of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) containing silica nanoparticles to the complementary DNA in solution. The decrease in the fluorescence signal for two mismatch, three mismatch and 50% DNA was observed upon hybridization of probe with target DNAs, while there was no response for the random target ssDNA under the same experimental conditions. This hybridization assay is simple and possesses good analytical characteristics which can provide an effective and efficient method for development of DNA biosensors and biochips.Keywords
Silica Nanoparticles, Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS), Immobilization, Single-Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid (ssDNA), Hybridization
References
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- In vitro Antagonism of Three Trichoderma spp. against Sclerotium rolfsii Sace., a Collar-rot Pathogen in Elephant Foot Yam
Abstract Views :379 |
PDF Views:115
Authors
Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station Acharya N. G Ranga Agricultural University, Ambajipeta, 533 214, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 (Pl. Pathology), ARS (ANGRAU), Korvuru, 534350, West Godavari, IN
1 Agricultural Research Station Acharya N. G Ranga Agricultural University, Ambajipeta, 533 214, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 (Pl. Pathology), ARS (ANGRAU), Korvuru, 534350, West Godavari, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 19, No 2 (2005), Pagination: 167-171Abstract
The present investigation focuses on the screening of potential biocontrol agents against the collar-rot pathogen, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. on elephant foot yam, an intercrop of coconut in Andhra Pradesh. Among the three antagonists screened, Trichoderma viride Pers. Fr., T. harzianum Rifai and T. hamatum (Bon.) Bain, isolated and screened, T. hamatum inhibited the radial growth of S. rolfsii to an extent of 52.22 per cent followed by T. viride (44.11%) and T. harzianum (38.87%). All the three Trichoderma spp. were very effective in producing volatile and non-volatile metabolites that were suppressive to 5. rolfsii. Viability tests on sclerotia of S. rolfsii parasitized by Trichoderma spp. revealed complete colonization and replacement of sclerotial contents by 7th day of parasitisation in case of T. hamatum and by 10th day in case the of T. viride and T. harzianum.Keywords
Antagonism, Elephant Foot Yam, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma.Full Text
- Effect of Temperature on Physicochemical and Ripening Qualities of Banana (Musa paradisiaca)
Abstract Views :214 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Foods and Nutritional Science, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 522 510, A.P., IN
2 Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 522 510, A.P., IN
1 Department of Foods and Nutritional Science, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 522 510, A.P., IN
2 Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 522 510, A.P., IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 47, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 25-29Abstract
Banana is one of the rare fruits which satisfy the definition of a good food, that is, one that contains an ample proportion of nutritive constituents which are easily digested and absorbed, while available at reasonable cost. Banana is unique due to its high calories and nutritive value. As compared to apple, it contains five times more vitamin A and iron, four times protein, three times phosphorus, twice the carbohydrate and the other vitamins and minerals. Bananas are highly perishable commodities with post harvest losses estimated at 20 to 80 per cent. The current post harvest problems for bananas are mainly concerned with storage and marketing. The causes of such losses during storage and marketing include the susceptibility of mature fruit to physical damage, decay of ripe banana fruit due to the attack by pathogenic fungi and uneven and unpredictable ripening of the fruit.- Study of Methyl Parathion Degradation by Arthrobacter globiformis Ad26 Isolated from Soil
Abstract Views :122 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Vinit Patkar
1,
K. Aruna
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai- 400007, Maharashtra, IN
1 Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai- 400007, Maharashtra, IN
Source
Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol 11, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 345-350Abstract
Methyl parathion (MP), a widely used organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, degrader was isolated from MP contaminated soil sample. It was identified as Arthrobacter globiformis AD26 on the basis of biochemical studies and 16s rRNA analysis. MP at a concentration of 1250 μg/mL was totally biodegraded by Arthrobacter globiformis AD26 as the sole carbon source at retention time (RT) for 72 hours on shaker. Cells grown in medium containing MP as sole carbon source, showed higher amount of protein, than the cells grown in presence of glucose as sole carbon source which was estimated by Biuret method. These results were confirmed by SDS-PAGE which showed induction of 97 kDa protein. P-nitrophenol (PNP), a hydrolysis product of MP, was also completely degraded by Arthrobacter globiformis AD26. This strain contained plasmid of approximately 47 kb size. Plasmid-curing experiments produced plasmid-free strain. This strain was unable to utilize MP demonstrating that the degradative genes for MP were located on the 47-kb plasmid.Keywords
Arthrobacter globiformis, Biodegradation, Methyl Parathion.Full Text
- Glycaemic and Cholesterolaemic Effect of Sprouted Fenugreek on Diabetic Subjects
Abstract Views :172 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
V. Chandra
1,
K. Aruna
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Home Science, Queen Mary's College, Chennai - 600 004, IN
1 Department of Home Science, Queen Mary's College, Chennai - 600 004, IN
Source
The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 34, No 10 (1997), Pagination: 246-251Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the body's capacity to utilise sugar, fat and protein is disturbed due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. There is a greater incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) than insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).- Studies on Biosurfactant Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa R2 Isolated from Oil Contaminated Soil Sample
Abstract Views :214 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai (M.S.), IN
1 Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai (M.S.), IN
Source
Asian Journal of Bio Science, Vol 7, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 123-129Abstract
A biosurfactant producing strain was isolated from soil sample obtained from coconut oil mill and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa R2 based on physiological and biochemical test together with 16s rRNA sequence analysis. Primary screening for biosurfactant producer was carried out by observing hemolysis on Superimposed blood agar and zone of clearance on Tributyrin agar. Optimization of culture conditions involved use of various vegetable oils as carbon source and different organic as well as inorganic compounds as nitrogen source, of which 1 per cent coconut oil and 0.4 per cent ammonium nitrate at pH 7 when kept at 30°C for 120 rpm/96 hours showed maximum biosurfactant yield. The biosurfactant was partially purified using chloroform and ethanol mixture (2:1) and quantitatively estimated by Anthrone assay which was found out to be 1.7 g/L. The biosurfactant could reduce the surface tension up to 35 mN/m with 70 per cent emulsification index (E24) in 36hrs. TLC analysis of biosurfactant demonstrated rhamnose as a sugar moiety and FT-IR results confirmed it to be rhamnolipid type of biosurfactant. It also exhibited antimicrobial activity and showed stability on exposure to high temperature (up to 100°C). Emulsification activity found with the biosurfactant against hydrocarbons shows its possible application in bioremediation of environments polluted with oils.Keywords
Biosurfactant, Rhamnolipid, Emulsification Activity, CTAB-Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide, SIBA-Superimposed Blood Agar.- Analysis of a Primary Suspension Spring Used in Locomotives
Abstract Views :155 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati-517502, IN
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati-517502, IN
Source
International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol 5, No 9 (2016), Pagination: 749-752Abstract
A spring is an elastic object which is used to store mechanical energy. It can be twisted, pulled or stretched by applying force and returns to its original shape upon release of force. In practice, the spring tends to buckling under the compressive load. Thus, the guiding components are usually used to constrain the buckling deflection, and the spring can continue to work in the normal situation. In these states, the deflection of the spring satisfies the small deformation assumption. This work is helpful in figuring out the behavior of post-buckling of the compressed helical spring. A typical locomotive suspension spring configuration is chosen for this study. This work is mainly concentrated on modeling and analysis of primary suspension spring (20NiCrMo2) and comparing with the earlier conventional steel helical spring(Chrome Vanadium). The objective of this research is to reduce the overall stresses and deflections of the helical spring by using the new material. The buckling analyses of the locomotive suspension spring are performed using ANSYS 14.0 and compared with analytical results. The spring model is done by using Pro/E Wildfire 4.0.Keywords
Locomotives, Primary Suspension System, Helical Spring, Modeling, Static Analysis, Ansys 14.0, Pro E-4.Full Text
- CFD Simulation for Charging and Discharging Process of Thermal Energy Storage System Using Phase Change Material
Abstract Views :105 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol 5, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 332-339Abstract
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for thermal storage system by keeping Phase Change Material(PCM)in the capsules has been developed and validated with experimental results. The thermal energy storage tank was developed using capsules in a unique arrangement during the charging and discharging processes. Different shape of capsules have been used for Simulation of thermal storage system and analysisis carried out on the system. The CFD results confirmed the importance of mutual effects on the performance of thermal energy storage tank and showed that an appropriately designed storage tank can provide improved stratification conditions. The 3D transient CFD simulations can be used as an effective tool to optimise thermal storage tank parameters at early design stages, thus it may add to the value of the storage tank performance and efficiency, by optimising the whole solar thermal energy storage system design and size. This model endeavoured to describe both freeing and melting processes of PCM. Since the system is used for domestic application, the temperature of water is to be maintained at 60°C so for which Sodium thio sulfate pentahydrate(Na2S2O35H2O)are used as PCM in cylindrical tank with three types of capsules in this paper.Keywords
Thermal Energy Storage Tank, Phase Change Material, Computational Fluid Dynamics (FLUENT).Full Text
- Productivity Improvement by Reduction of Rejections in Grid Casting Using Six Sigma Methodology
Abstract Views :252 |
PDF Views:5
Authors
Affiliations
1 S. V. University College of Engineering, Tirupathi, IN
1 S. V. University College of Engineering, Tirupathi, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 3 (2018), Pagination: 9-17Abstract
The core and the heart of the battery industry is Grid. This paper discusses about the quality and productivity improvement by reducing the rejections in Grid casting section in one of the Battery manufacturing Multinational companies. The quality improvement would be attained by sigma methodology’s DMAIC approach. It depicts reducing rejections in Grids from grid casting machine. Data collection and Pareto analysis indicated the high rejections are due to flashes and wire miss. The ischolar_main causes are found out by six sigma using Variable search tool and validated by Better Vs Current Tool. By the results of DMAIC, Modifications are carried out in grid casting methodology and the process parameters optimized. This resulted in reducing the rejections from 9.5 % to 2.1 % and average improvement of grid caster’s productivity. To confirm whether Six Sigma implementation would be simplified, this paper highlights usage of Shainin DOE instead of Taguchi DOE.Keywords
Six Sigma, DMAIC, Pareto Analysis, Shainin DOE, Variable Search, Better Vs Current Tool.References
- Bewoor, Anand K; Pawar, Marut S: Use of shainin tools for simplifying six sigma implementation in qms/iso certified environment – An indian sme case study, 'Journal of Engineering Research and Studies', vol. 1, no. 2, Oct - Dec, 2010, 177-194.
- Kabir, Md. Enamul; Boby, S M Mahbubul Islam; Lutfi, Mostafa: Productivity Improvement by using Six-Sigma, 'International Journal of Engineering and Technology', vol. 3 no. 12, December, 2013.
- Valles, Adan; Sanchez, Jaime; Noriega, Salvador; Nuñez, Berenice Gómez: Implementation of Six Sigma in a Manufacturing Process A Case Study, 'International journal of industrial engineering', vol. 16, no. 3, 2009, 171-181.
- Pugnaa, Adrian; Negrea, Romeo; Miclea, Serban: Using Six Sigma Methodology to Improve the Assembly Process in an Automotive Company, 'Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences', vol. 221, 2016, 308 - 316,
- Srinivasan, K; Muthu, S; Prasad, NK; Satheesh, G: Reduction of paint line defects in shock absorber through Six Sigma DMAIC phases, 'Procedia Engineering', vol. 97, 2014, 1755 - 1764 ,
- Ledolter, J; Swersey: Dorian Shainin’s Variables Search Procedure: A Critical Assessment, 'Journal of Quality Technology', vol. 29, no. 3, 1997, 237-247.
- Montgomery DC: Hand book of Design and Analysis of Experiments, 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2001.
- Gitlow, Howard S: A guide to lean six sigma Management, 2nd edition, 2009.
- Pyzdek, Thomas: The Six sigma Handbook: (A complete guide for six sigma Green belts and Black belt’s), 4th edition, 2014
- Productivity Improvement by Reducing the Tool Change Time Using SMED Methodology
Abstract Views :183 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SVU College of Engineering, Tirupathi, IN
2 Batteries Organization, IN
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SVU College of Engineering, Tirupathi, IN
2 Batteries Organization, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 8-15Abstract
SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die) is one of the many Lean production methods for reducing time in a manufacturing process. The present paper deals with reduction in tool change time in one of the prime automotive batteries industry using SMED technique which increases productivity of the industry. In this project first the problem is identified in SBD (Small Battery Division) Plant based on analysis of one month data of plant capacity. After analysis, the bottleneck is identified for production of the plant using Pareto Analysis which indicates that the maximum tool change time due to Calibration and Assembly. Next SMED Methodology implemented on major areas to reduce the tool change time. The causes for recursive activities searched and ideas implemented to eliminate them provided. After implementing SMED technique the total tool change time for Calibration from 2192 to 1194 seconds and Assembly from 42 to 24 minutes reduced.Keywords
SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die), Lean Production, SBD (Small Battery Division), Pareto Analysis, Calibration and Assembly.- Fabrication of Die-Sinking Electrical Discharge Machine for Machining of Holes on Copper Plate
Abstract Views :182 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 7 (2018), Pagination: 11-18Abstract
Electrical Discharge Machining has been playing an important role in manufacturing sector especially industries like aerospace, ordinance, automobile, general engineering, etc. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the important non-traditional machining processes which is used for machining of conductive and semi conductive materials and also difficult to machine materials like super alloys and composites materials. However, selection of process parameters for obtaining higher cutting efficiency or accuracy in EDM is still not fully solved, even with the most updated EDM machine. An attempt is made in the present work to develop a prototype of EDM consisting of different units namely, dielectric filtering and recirculation unit, pulse generation and control unit and tool-feed control unit. They describe the utilization of various units and their components of proto-type EDM. Orthogonal Array, Taguchi Experimental design is developed for experimentation. The process parameters such as voltage, duty cycle and sensor value are by considered during machining. The experiments are carried-out to produce holes on copper plate using EDM Machine. The experimental results are analyzed and the optimal combinations of influential parameters are determined using Grey Taguchi Analysis. The optimum size of hole is obtained as 2.030 mm, at 40V and 0% Duty Cycle. The analysis is carried-out using Mini TAB and GRA.Keywords
Die-Sinking EDM, Dielectric Filtering, Voltage, Duty Cycle, Grey Taguchi Method.References
- Aruna, K; Somashekhar, S; Hiremath: Investigation on Machining of Silica Wafer Using Developed Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining (μ-EDM), International Journal of Engineering Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering, vol. 4, no. 4, April 2017, ISSN (Online) 2394-6849, 46-52.
- Ahmet Hascalik; Ulas and Caydas: Electrical discharge machining of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V), Applied Surface Science, vol. 253, no. 22, 2005, 9007-9016.
- Malek, O; Vleugels, J; Vanmeensel, K; Van Renterghem and Lauwers, B: Electrical discharge machining of B2-sic composites, Proceedia CIRP 6, 2013, ISSN:2212-8271, 186–191.
- Pawade,MM and Banwait, SS: An Exhaustive Review of Die-Sinking Electrical Discharge Machining Process and Scope for Future Research”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 6, 2013, 6892-6922.
- Kubade, Pravin R; Jadhav, V: Investigation of Electrode Wear Rate (EWR), Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Radial Overcut (ROC) in EDM of High Carbon-High Chromium Steel (AISI D3), 'International Journal of Technical Research and Applications', Special Issue 42, March 2017, e-ISSN: 2320-8163, 95-98.
- Kumar Sandeep, S: Research trends in EDM in Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology”, Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 2 no. 2, February 2013, ISSN 2278-9472, 56-60.
- Paul, Lijo and Somashekhar S Hiremath: Surface Modeling of Micro Holes in Electrochemical Discharge Machining Process, Proceedia Engineering, vol. 64, 2013, 1395 - 1404.
- Sushil Kumar Choudhary: Current Advanced Research Development of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM): A Review, 'International Journal of Research in Advent Technology', vol. 2, no. 3, March 2014, 86-89.
- Srinivasa Rao, P; Suresh Kumar, J and Vijaya Kumar: Parametric study of electrical discharge machining of AISI 304 stainless steel, 'IJEDR', vol. 2, no. 4, 2014, 2321-9939.
- Chenthil, TM; Jegan, M and Ravindran, D: Determination Of Electro Discharge Machining Parameters In AISI202 Stainless Steel Using Grey Relational Analysis, 'Proceedia Engineering', vol. 38, 2012, 4005-4012.
- Ho, KH and Newman, ST: State of the art electrical discharge machining (EDM), 'International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture', vol. 43, 2003, 0890-6955, 1287-1300.
- Experimental Investigation on Developed One-Way Abrasive Flow Finishing Machine with Pneumatic System
Abstract Views :218 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
T. Sai Kiran
1,
K. Aruna
1
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati, IN
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 10 (2018), Pagination: 3-7Abstract
Abrasive Flow Finishing is one of the important non-convectional finishing process which is used to polish, deburr and finish internal surfaces. In this process, burrs or cutting marks are removed by allowing semi-solid, abrasive dispersed putty, with pressure into the workpiece material. In the present work, a prototype of Abrasive Flow Finishing Machine (AFFM) with pneumatic system is developed and used to finish the internal surfaces of the drilled hole on AISI 304 SS material. In this there are two operations are carried out, i.e. drilling and finishing operations by Abrasive Flow Finishing (AFF). First the hole is drilled with 10 mm size on the workpiece by varying speed and feed as input parameters followed by AFF operation with a pressure of 5 bar by using silicon carbide as abrasive with an abrasive mesh size (80 & 220) and number of cycles (5 & 10) considered as input parameters. The output responses for drilling and AFF operations are considered as initial surface roughness and final surface roughness. From the experiments, it is observed that abrasive mesh size and the number of cycles are playing a significant role in the AFF operation and to improve surface finish from 30 to 40% with minimum pressure of 5 bar by using pneumatic system.
Keywords
Abrasive Flow Finishing, Pneumatic Circuit, Silicon Carbide Abrasive Slurry, AISI 304 SS, Surface Finish.References
- Rhodes, LJ: Abrasive flow machining and its use, Proceedings of the Non - Traditional Machining Conference, Cincinnati, OH, (1985), 111-120.
- Jain, VK and Adsul, S: Experimental Investigation into abrasive flow machining, 'International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacturing', vol. 40, no. 7, 2007, 1003-1021.
- Somashekhar Hiremath, S; Vidyadhar, HM and Singaperumal, M: A Novel Approach for Finishing Internal Complex Feactures using Developed Abrasive Flow Finishing Machine, 'International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering', vol. 2, no. 4, 2013, 37-44.
- Brar, BS; Walia, RS; Singh, VP and Singh, M: Development of a Robust Abrasive Flow Machining process setup, National Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, 2011, 17-23.
- Guruaja, S; Santhosh Kumar, S and Somashekhar Hiremath, S: Investigation of Abrasive Flow Finishing While Machining Convergent-Divergent Nozzle of Different Engineering Materials, 'Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering and Management (JoRSTEM)', vol. 2, no. 4, 2016, 94-100, ISSN: 2456-0197.
- Santhosh Kumar, S and Somashekhar Hiremath, S: A Review on Abrasive Flow Machining, Global Colloquium in Recent Advancement and Effectual Researches in Engineering, Science and Technology (RAEREST), vol. 25, 2016, 1297-1304.
- Rupalika Dash and Kali Pada Maity: Modelling of Granular Pressure in Abrasive Flow Machining for a Rotary Swaging Die, 'International Journal of Pure and Applied Research in Engineering and Technology', vol. 3, no. 9, 2015, 23-29, ISSN: 2319-507X.
- Sherrington, I and Smith, EH: Parameters for characterizing the surface topography of engineering components, 'Journal of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Proc Instn Mech Engrs', vol. 201, 1997, 297-306.
- Gadelmawla, ES; Koura, MM; Maksoud, TM A; Elewa, IM and Soliman, HH: Roughness Parameters, 'Journal of Material Processing Technology', vol. 123, 2002, 133-145.
- Baraiya, R; Jain, V and Gupta, D: Abrasive Flow Machining: an area seeking for improvement, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 3, April 2016, 1-9, E-ISSN: 2278-1684, P-ISSN: 2320-334X.