Informatics Publishing Limited

G. Jain ¹, T. S. Marwaha ², A. Khurana ³, P. S. Dhoat ³

Affiliations
1 PGI, Chandigarh, IN
2 Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences Jalandhar, Punjab, IN
3 Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Background:Diabetes has become a major health challenge worldwide. Various studies have found that diabetes and thyroid disorders mutually influence each other and both disorders tend to coexist.

Objective: To find out the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 200 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 40-70 years. All the patients were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction by testing thyroid profile (T₃, T₄&TSH). The correlation of prevalence of thyroid disorder with gender distribution, age distribution, HbA1C, duration of diabetes, hypertension, family history of thyroid disorder, BMI, usage of OHA's and insulin and dyslipidemia was then done. The observations and interpretations were recorded and results obtained were statistically analyzed.

Results: There was a high prevalence (16%) of thyroid disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, most common was subclinical hypothyroidism (7.5%) which was further found to be more in females, elderly patients, patients with uncontrolled diabetes i.e. HbA_1C values ≥7 or patients on insulin and patients with BMI <30.

Conclusions: Screening of thyroid dysfunction should be done in all diabetic patients especially in patients with poor diabetic control.

Keywords

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Thyroid Disorders.

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T. S. Marwaha ¹, G. Jain ², A. Khurana ³, P. S. Dhoat ³, B. Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences Jalandhar, Punjab, IN
2 PGI, Chandigarh, IN
3 Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Peripheral vascular disease is a major macrovascular complication of diabetes mellitus. This study was done to determine the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus using the ankle brachial pressure index. An 12 MHz doppler probe was used in the arms and legs to assess the ankle brachial index (ABI) in 200 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged more than 40 years. Thorough history of patients including age, smoking history, history of symptoms of peripheral arterial disease, complete physical examination and routine investigations were collected at the time of enrolment for all subjects. A ratio of the highest blood pressure from the posterior tibial or pedal arteries of each leg to the highest blood pressure from the brachial arteries < 0.9 was considered abnormal. Abnormal ABIs were found in 33% (66/200) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 45.5% patients had ABI 0.80-0.89, 33.3% patients had ABI 0.50-0.79 and 21.2% patients had ABI <0.5 Prevalence of peripheral vascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus is on rise in northern India so there is need to educate the patients regarding risk factor modification and importance of early intervention to prevent future progression of peripheral vascular disease.

Keywords

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Peripheral Vascular Disease.

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V. Garg ¹, R. C. Awasthi ¹, G. Jain ¹, S. Pandey ², M. K. Maheshwari ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of surgery, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

A giant vesical calculus more than 100 gram is rare entity. Fewer than 30 cases are reported in English literature of vesical calculus more than 100 gm. Largest vesical calculus was of weight 6294 gm by Arthure et al. Available treatment options for vesical calculi include open surgical removal, extracorporeal fragmentation and endoscopic crushing followed by extraction of pieces. Recently, endosurgical mechanical cystolithotripsy followed by percutaneous extraction has been evolved for small or moderate-sized calculi. Our case report demonstrated vesical calculus of 400gms which is a rare finding in today urologic practice.

Keywords

Giant Vesical Calculus, Open Surgical Removal, Extracorporeal Fragmentation, Endoscopic Crushing.

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