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B. Mohanty ¹

Affiliations
1 Surgery, Genito-urinary Surgery Unit, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, IN

Abstract

Abstract not Given.

Keywords

No Keywords given

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B. Mohanty ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Surgery S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, IN

Abstract

Abstract not Given.

Keywords

No Keywords given

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T. K. Samant ¹, B. C. Dhir ¹, B. Mohanty ¹

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (O.U.A.T), Angul (Odisha), IN

Abstract

A field trial was conducted during Rabi season of 2013-14 in farmer's field in Sandhapal village of Chhendipada block in Angul district in Odisha to study the effect of weed management practices on weed control, growth attributes, yield and economics in Rabi groundnut .The treatments comprised of different weed management practices viz., T₁-Post-emergence application of quizalofop ethyl 0.05 kg ha^-1 fb one hand weeding at 25 DAS, T₂-Farmers practice of one hand weeding at 25 DAS and T₃-Weedy check. The experimental trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with thirteen replications. The results revealed that post-emergence application of quizalofop ethyl 0.05 kg ha^-1 fb one hand weeding at 25 DAS recorded maximum weed control efficiency (71.4 %) with minimum dry weed biomass (79.2 g m^-2) at harvest. The same treatment also produced significantly higher pod yield (22.34 q ha^-1), plant height (40.13 cm), number of pods plant^-1 (19.5), 100 pod weight (81.7 g), 100 seed weight (36.2 g), total dry matter accumulation(2.16 to 25.5 g plant^-1), CGR (5.32 to 26.40 g m^-2 day^-1), gross return (Rs.89360 ha^-1) and B:C ratio(2.20) with additional net return of Rs.10280 ha^-1as compared to farmers practice and weedy check. Thus, application of quizalofop ethyl 5 per cent 1.0 kg ha^-1 fb one hand weeding appeared to be effective, economically viable for weed control, crop growth, higher pod yield and net profit.

Keywords

CGR, Dry Weed Biomass, Economic, Groundnut, Quizalofop-Ethyl, WCE.

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B. Mohanty ¹, S. C. Senapati ², A. P. Sahu ²

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Angul (Odisha), IN
2 Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), IN

Abstract

Experiments were carried out during three growing seasons of 2011 to 2013 in the farmer's field at village Jamunali of Chhendipada block in the district Angul, Odisha, India. The effect of five different single and double inlet lateral connections with three different commonly available sub-main pipe sizes (40, 50 and 63 mm) on growth characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) crop was studied. Maximum value of biometric observations such as plant height, girth at base, number of branches and leaves per plant, leaf area, ischolar_main volume, ischolar_main spreading diameter were found higher in case of double inlet system in comparison to single inlet system. Maximum tap ischolar_main diameter, ischolar_maining depth, fruit length and fruit weight were found to be insignificant irrespective of the size of the submains connected with the laterals. However, except fruit weight all other plant characteristics were significant respective to the type of lateral connections. Water supplied through drip laterals connected with two submains of 63 mm diameter each at both sides of the plot showed better growth indicator parameters amongst the treatments. This performance also reflected in the case of yield and water use efficiency in cultivation of brinjal crop (Solanum melongena L.). Maximum yield (399.48 q/ha) and water use efficiency (880.58 kg/ha-cm) have been observed in case of double inlet system with two sub-mains of 63mm diameter and the lateral connecting to both the sub-mains at two ends (T₁₅). Minimum biometric values, yield (380.67 q/ha) and WUE (839.11 kg/ ha-cm) have been found in case of single inlet laterals laid on one side of sub main of 40 mm diameter (T1).Similarly, it is established that when single inlet systems with laterals laid at one side or both sides of the sub-main are converted to the corresponding double inlet systems by looping the laterals (L₁ to L₂and L₃ to L₄, the growth parameters and yield of the system increases which is very easy to be achieved just by incorporating some minimal cost towards in-line laterals and connectors.

Keywords

Single Inlet Lateral, Double Inlet Lateral, Yield, Water Use Efficiency.

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T. Bhattacharyya ¹, D. Sarkar ¹, S. K. Ray ¹, P. Chandran ¹, D. K. Pal ², D. K. Mandal ¹, J. Prasad ¹, G. S. Sidhu ³, K. M. Nair ⁴, A. K. Sahoo ⁵, T. H. Das ⁵, R. S. Singh ⁶, C. Mandal ¹, R. Srivastava ¹, T. K. Sen ¹, S. Chatterji ¹, N. G. Patil ¹, G. P. Obireddy ¹, S. K. Mahapatra ³, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁴, K. Das ⁵, A. K. Singh ⁶, S. K. Reza ⁷, D. Dutta ⁵, S. Srinivas ⁴, P. Tiwary ¹, K. Karthikeyan ¹, M. V. Venugopalan ⁸, K. Velmourougane ⁸, A. Srivastava ⁹, Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹⁰, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ¹, G. K. Kamble ¹, M. S. Gaikwad ¹, A. M. Nimkar ¹, S. V. Bobade ¹, S. G. Anantwar ¹, S. Patil ¹, V. T. Sahu ¹, K. M. Gaikwad ¹, H. Bhondwe ¹, S. S. Dohtre ¹, S. Gharami ¹, S. G. Khapekar ¹, A. Koyal ⁴, Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁷, L. Gogoi ⁷, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁵, R. Basu ⁵, R. Singh ⁶, B. L. Jat ⁶, D. L. Oad ⁶, N. R. Ola ⁶, K. Wadhai ¹, M. Lokhande ¹, V. T. Dongare ¹, A. Hukare ¹, N. Bansod ¹, A. Kolhe ¹, J. Khuspure ¹, H. Kuchankar ¹, D. Balbuddhe ¹, S. Sheikh ¹, B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁷, S. Majumdar ⁵, R. S. Garhwal ⁶, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ¹, B. A. Telpande ¹, A. M. Nimje ¹, C. Likhar ¹, S. Thakre ¹, A. P. Nagar ¹

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
2 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN

Abstract

Land-use planning is a decision-making process that facilitates the allocation of land to different uses that provide optimal and sustainable benefit. As land-use is shaped by society-nature interaction, in land-use planning different components/facets play a significant role involving soil, water, climate, animal (ruminant/ non-ruminant) and others, including forestry and the environment needed for survival of mankind. At times these components are moderated by human interference. Thus land-use planning being a dynamic phenomenon is not guided by a single factor, but by a complex system working simultaneously,which largely affects the sustainability. To address such issues a National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) on 'Georeferenced soil information system for land-use planning and monitoring soil and land quality for agriculture' was undertaken to develop threshold values of land quality parameters for land-use planning through quantitative land evaluation and crop modelling for dominant cropping systems in major agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) representing rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and deep-ischolar_mained crops in the black soil regions (BSR). To assess the impact of landuse change, threshold land quality indicator values are used. A modified AESR map for agricultural landuse planning is generated for effective land-use planning.

Keywords

Agriculture, Georeferenced Soil Information System, Land-Use Planning, Spatial Database.

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P. Chandran ¹, P. Tiwary ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ¹, C. Mandal ¹, J. Prasad ¹, S. K. Ray ¹, D. Sarkar ¹, D. K. Pal ², D. K. Mandal ¹, G. S. Sidhu ³, K. M. Nair ⁴, A. K. Sahoo ⁵, T. H. Das ⁵, R. S. Singh ⁶, R. Srivastava ¹, T. K. Sen ¹, S. Chatterji ¹, N. G. Patil ¹, G. P. Obireddy ¹, S. K. Mahapatra ³, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁴, K. Das ⁵, A. K. Singh ⁶, S. K. Reza ⁷, D. Dutta ⁵, S. Srinivas ⁴, K. Karthikeyan ¹, M. V. Venugopalan ⁸, K. Velmourougane ⁸, A. Srivastava ⁹, Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹⁰, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, J. A. Dijkshoorn ¹¹, N. H. Batjes ¹¹, P. S. Bindraban ¹¹, S. L. Durge ¹, G. K. Kamble ¹, M. S. Gaikwad ¹, A. M. Nimkar ¹, S. V. Bobade ¹, S. G. Anantwar ¹, S. V. Patil ¹, K. M. Gaikwad ¹, V. T. Sahu ¹, H. Bhondwe ¹, S. S. Dohtre ¹, S. Gharami ¹, S. G. Khapekar ¹, A. Koyal ⁴, K. Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁷, L. Gogoi ⁷, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁵, R. Basu ⁵, R. Singh ⁶, B. L. Jat ⁶, D. L. Oad ⁶, N. R. Ola ⁶, K. Wadhai ¹, M. Lokhande ¹, V. T. Dongare ¹, A. Hukare ¹, N. Bansod ¹, A. H. Kolhe ¹, J. Khuspure ¹, H. Kuchankar ¹, D. Balbuddhe ¹, S. Sheikh ¹, B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁷, S. Majumdar ⁵, R. S. Garhwal ⁶, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ¹, B. A. Telpande ¹, A. M. Nimje ¹, C. Likhar ¹, S. Thakre ¹

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
2 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi, 110 012, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN
11 ISRIC, Wageningen, NL

Abstract

Soil information system in SOTER (soil and terrain digital database) framework is developed for the Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) and black soil regions (BSR) of India with the help of information from 842 georeferenced soil profiles including morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils in addition to the site characteristics and climatic information. The database has information from 82 climatic stations that can be linked with the other datasets. The information from this organized database can be easily retrieved for use and is compatible with the global database. The database can be updated with recent and relevant data as and when they are available. The database has many applications such as inputs for refinement of agroecological regions and sub-regions, studies on carbon sequestration, land evaluation and land (crop) planning, soil erosion, soil quality, carbon and crop modelling and other climate change related research. This warehouse of information in a structured framework can be used as a data bank for posterity.

Keywords

Black Soil Region, Database, Indo-Gangetic Plains, SOTER.

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T. Bhattacharyya ¹, D. Sarkar ¹, S. K. Ray ¹, P. Chandran ¹, D. K. Pal ¹, D. K. Mandal ¹, J. Prasad ¹, G. S. Sidhu ², K. M. Nair ³, A. K. Sahoo ⁴, T. H. Das ⁴, R. S. Singh ⁵, C. Mandal ¹, R. Srivastava ¹, T. K. Sen ¹, S. Chatterji ¹, N. G. Patil ¹, G. P. Obireddy ¹, S. K. Mahapatra ², K. S. Anil Kumar ³, K. Das ⁴, A. K. Singh ⁵, S. K. Reza ⁶, D. Dutta ⁷, S. Srinivas ³, P. Tiwary ¹, K. Karthikeyan ¹, M. V. Venugopalan ⁸, K. Velmourougane ⁸, A. Srivastava ⁹, Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹⁰, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ¹, G. K. Kamble ¹, M. S. Gaikwad ¹, A. M. Nimkar ¹, S. V. Bobade ¹, S. G. Anantwar ¹, S. Patil ¹, V. T. Sahu ¹, K. M. Gaikwad ¹, H. Bhondwe ¹, S. S. Dohtre ¹, S. Gharami ¹, S. G. Khapekar ¹, A. Koyal ³, Sujatha ³, B. M. N. Reddy ³, P. Sreekumar ³, D. P. Dutta ⁶, L. Gogoi ⁶, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁴, R. Basu ⁴, R. Singh ⁵, B. L. Jat ⁵, D. L. Oad ⁵, N. R. Ola ⁵, K. Wadhai ¹, M. Lokhande ¹, V. T. Dongare ¹, A. Hukare ¹, N. Bansod ¹, A. Kolhe ¹, J. Khuspure ¹, H. Kuchankar ¹, D. Balbuddhe ¹, S. Sheikh ¹, B. P. Sunitha ³, B. Mohanty ², D. Hazarika ⁶, S. Majumdar ⁴, R. S. Garhwal ⁵, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ¹, B. A. Telpande ¹, A. M. Nimje ¹, C. Likhar ¹, S. Thakre ¹

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
2 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN

Abstract

The articles presented in this special section emanated from the researches of consortium members of the National Agricultural Innovative Project (NAIP, Component 4) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. These researches have helped develop a soil information system (SIS). In view of the changing scenario all over the world, the need of the hour is to get assistance from a host of researchers specialized in soils, crops, geology, geography and information technology to make proper use of the datasets. Equipped with the essential knowledge of data storage and retrieval for management recommendations, these experts should be able to address the issues of land degradation, biodiversity, food security, climate change and ultimately arrive at an appropriate agricultural land-use planning. Moreover, as the natural resource information is an essential prerequisite for monitoring and predicting global environmental change with special reference to climate and land use options, the SIS needs to be a dynamic exercise to accommodate temporal datasets, so that subsequently it should result in the evolution of the soil information technology. The database developed through this NAIP would serve as an example of the usefulness of the Consortium and the research initiative of ICAR involving experts from different fields to find out the potentials of the soils of humid and semi-arid bioclimatic systems of the country.

Keywords

Agricultural Land-Use Planning, Humid and Semi-Arid Tropics, Soil Information System, Soil Information Technology, Temporal Datasets.

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P. Tiwary ¹, N. G. Patil ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ¹, P. Chandran ¹, S. K. Ray ¹, K. Karthikeyan ¹, D. Sarkar ¹, D. K. Pal ², J. Prasad ¹, C. Mandal ¹, D. K. Mandal ¹, G. S. Sidhu ³, K. M. Nair ⁴, A. K. Sahoo ⁵, T. H. Das ⁵, R. S. Singh ⁶, R. Srivastava ¹, T. K. Sen ¹, S. Chatterji ¹, G. P. Obireddy ¹, S. K. Mahapatra ³, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁴, K. Das ⁵, A. K. Singh ⁶, S. K. Reza ⁷, D. Dutta ⁵, S. Srinivas ⁴, M. V. Venugopalan ⁸, K. Velmourougane ⁸, A. Srivastava ⁹, M. Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹⁰, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ¹, G. K. Kamble ¹, M. S. Gaikwad ¹, A. M. Nimkar ¹, S. V. Bobade ¹, S. G. Anantwar ¹, S. Patil ¹, K. M. Gaikwad ¹, V. T. Sahu ¹, H. Bhondwe ¹, S. S. Dohtre ¹, S. Gharami ¹, S. G. Khapekar ¹, A. Koyal ⁴, K. Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁷, L. Gogoi ⁷, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁵, R. Basu ⁵, R. Singh ⁶, B. L. Jat ⁶, D. L. Oad ⁶, N. R. Ola ⁶, K. Wadhai ¹, M. Lokhande ¹, V. T. Dongare ¹, A. Hukare ¹, N. Bansod ¹, A. H. Kolhe ¹, J. Khuspure ¹, H. Kuchankar ¹, D. Balbuddhe ¹, S. Sheikh ¹, B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁷, S. Majumdar ⁵, R. S. Garhwal ⁶, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ¹, B. A. Telpande ¹, A. M. Nimje ¹, C. Likhar ¹, S. Thakre ¹

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
2 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN

Abstract

In recent years, georeferenced soil information system has gained significance in agricultural land-use planning and monitoring the changes in soil properties/ soil quality induced by land-use changes. The spatiotemporal information on saturated hydraulic conductivity (sHC) and soil water retention-release behaviour is essential for proper crop and land-use planning. The sHC greatly influences the drainage process and soil water retention-release behaviour, ultimately affecting the crop growth and yield. However, sHC and water retention are not measured in a routine soil survey and are generally estimated from easily measurable soil parameters through pedotransfer functions (PTFs). In the present study, PTFs for sHC and water retention were developed separately for the soils of two food-growing zones of India (the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the black soil region (BSR)). For the IGP soils, sHC is affected by the increased subsoil bulk density due to intensive cultivation. In BSR, presence of Na⁺ and Mg⁺⁺ ions affects the drainage and water retention of the soils. Therefore, these soil parameters were considered while developing the PTFs using stepwise regression technique in SPSS. The validation of PTFs was found to be satisfactory with low RMSE values and high model efficiency.

Keywords

Model Efficiency, Pedotransfer Functions, Regression Analysis, Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Water Retention.

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N. G. Patil ¹, P. Tiwary ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ¹, P. Chandran ¹, D. Sarkar ¹, D. K. Pal ², D. K. Mandal ¹, J. Prasad ¹, G. S. Sidhu ³, K. M. Nair ⁴, A. K. Sahoo ⁵, T. H. Das ⁵, R. S. Singh ⁶, C. Mandal ¹, R. Srivastava ¹, T. K. Sen ¹, S. Chatterji ¹, S. K. Ray ¹, G. P. Obireddy ¹, S. K. Mahapatra ³, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁴, K. Das ⁵, A. K. Singh ⁶, S. K. Reza ⁷, D. Dutta ⁵, S. Srinivas ⁴, K. Karthikeyan ⁴, M. V. Venugopalan ⁸, K. Velmourougane ⁸, A. Srivastava ⁹, M. Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹¹, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ¹, G. K. Kamble ¹, M. S. Gaikwad ¹, A. M. Nimkar ¹, S. V. Bobade ¹, S. G. Anantwar ¹, S. Patil ¹, K. M. Gaikwad ¹, V. T. Sahu ¹, H. Bhondwe ¹, S. S. Dohtre ¹, S. Gharami ¹, S. G. Khapekar ¹, A. Koyal ⁴, K. Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁷, L. Gogoi ⁷, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁵, R. Basu ⁵, R. Singh ⁶, B. L. Jat ⁶, D. L. Oad ⁶, N. R. Ola ⁶, K. Wadhai ¹, M. Lokhande ¹, V. T. Dongare ¹, A. Hukare ¹, N. Bansod ¹, A. H. Kolhe ¹, J. Khuspure ¹, H. Kuchankar ¹, D. Balbuddhe ¹, S. Sheikh ¹, B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁷, S. Majumdar ⁵, R. S. Garhwal ⁶, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ¹, B. A. Telpande ¹, A. M. Nimje ¹, C. Likhar ¹, S. Thakre ¹

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
2 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 440 010, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN
11 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023

Abstract

Current status of land/soil resources of the Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) is analysed to highlight the issues that need to be tackled in near future for sustained agricultural productivity. There are intraregional variations in soil properties, cropping systems; status of land usage, groundwater utilization and irrigation development which vary across the subregions besides demographies. Framework for land use policy is suggested that includes acquisition of farm-level data, detailing capability of each unit to support a chosen land use, assess infrastructural support required to meet the projected challenges and finally develop skilled manpower to effectively monitor the dynamics of land use changes.

Keywords

Agricultural Productivity, Land Use Planning, Natural Resources, Soil Properties and Soil Management.

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Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹, D. K. Kundu ¹, Ashwani Kumar ¹, K. G. Mandal ¹, S. Raychaudhuri ¹, G. Kar ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ², D. Sarkar ³, D. K. Pal ⁴, D. K. Mandal ³, J. Prasad ³, G. S. Sidhu ⁵, K. M. Nair ⁶, A. K. Sahoo ⁷, T. H. Das ⁷, R. S. Singh ⁸, C. Mandal ³, R. Srivastava ³, T. K. Sen ³, S. Chatterji ³, P. Chandran ³, S. K. Ray ³, N. G. Patil ³, G. P. Obireddy ³, S. K. Mahapatra ⁵, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁶, K. Das ⁵, A. K. Singh ⁸, S. K. Reza ⁹, D. Dutta ⁷, S. Srinivas ⁶, P. Tiwary ³, K. Karthikeyan ³, M. V. Venugopalan ⁹, K. Velmourougane ⁹, A. Srivastava ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ³, S. Puspamitra ¹, S. Mahapatra ¹, G. K. Kamble ³, M. S. Gaikwad ³, A. M. Nimkar ³, S. V. Bobade ³, S. G. Anantwar ³, S. Patil ³, K. M. Gaikwad ³, V. T. Sahu ³, H. Bhondwe ³, S. S. Dohtre ³, S. Gharami ³, S. G. Khapekar ³, A. Koyal ⁵, Sujatha ⁵, B. M. N. Reddy ⁵, P. Sreekumar ⁵, D. P. Dutta ⁹, L. Gogoi ⁹, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁷, R. Basu ⁷, R. Singh ⁷, B. L. Jat ⁷, D. L. Oad ⁷, N. R. Ola ⁷, K. Wadhai ³, M. Lokhande ³, V. T. Dongare ³, A. Hukare ³, N. Bansod ³, A. Kolhe ³, J. Khuspure ³, H. Kuchankar ³, D. Balbuddhe ³, S. Sheikh ³, B. P. Sunitha ⁶, B. Mohanty ⁵, D. Hazarika ⁹, S. Majumdar ⁷, R. S. Garhwal ⁸, A. Sahu ¹¹, A. Kumar ¹⁰, N. Gautam ³, B. A. Telpande ³, A. M. Nimje ³, C. Likhar ³, S. Thakre ³

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 023, IN
2 2Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
4 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
8 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
9 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
10 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
11 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN

Abstract

Understanding the physical quality of soil that influences its hydraulic behaviour helps in formulating appropriate water management strategies for sustainable crop production. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) is a key factor governing the hydraulic properties of soils. K_s can be estimated through various techniques. In the present article we have developed and validated the regression models to predict K_s of the soils of the Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the black soil regions (BSR) under different bioclimatic systems. While particle size distribution was found to be a key factor to predict K_s of the BSR soils, organic carbon was found useful for the IGP soils. Moreover, the models for K_s of both soils were strengthened by putting in CaCO₃ and exchangeable sodium percentage content. It seems there is ample scope to study the interaction process for revising K_s to desired levels through management practices in these two important food-growing zones. An index of soil physical quality, derived from the inflection points of the soil moisture characteristic curves could well explain the impact of management practices on soil physical quality.

Keywords

Index, Management, Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Soil Physical Quality.

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K. Velmourougane ¹, M. V. Venugopalan ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ², D. Sarkar ², S. K. Ray ², P. Chandran ², D. K. Pal ³, D. K. Mandal ², J. Prasad ², G. S. Sidhu ⁴, K. M. Nair ⁵, A. K. Sahoo ⁶, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁵, A. Srivastava ⁷, T. H. Das ⁶, R. S. Singh ⁸, C. Mandal ², R. Srivastava ², T. K. Sen ², S. Chatterji ², N. G. Patil ², G. P. Obireddy ², S. K. Mahapatra ⁴, K. Das ⁶, S. K. Singh ⁶, S. K. Reza ⁹, D. Dutta ⁶, S. Srinivas ⁵, P. Tiwary ², K. Karthikeyan ², Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹⁰, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ², G. K. Kamble ², M. S. Gaikwad ², A. M. Nimkar ², S. V. Bobade ², S. G. Anantwar ², S. Patil ², M. S. Gaikwad ², V. T. Sahu ², H. Bhondwe ², S. S. Dohtre ², S. Gharami ², S. G. Khapekar ², A. Koyal ⁵, Sujatha ⁵, B. M. N. Reddy ⁵, P. Sreekumar ⁵, D. P. Dutta ⁹, L. Gogoi ⁹, V. N. Parhad ², A. S. Halder ⁶, R. Basu ⁶, R. Singh ⁸, B. L. Jat ⁸, D. L. Oad ⁸, N. R. Ola ⁸, A. Sahu ², K. Wadhai ², M. Lokhande ², V. T. Dongare ², A. Hukare ², N. Bansod ², A. Kolhe ², J. Khuspure ², H. Kuchankar ², D. Balbuddhe ², S. Sheikh ², B. P. Sunitha ⁵, B. Mohanty ⁴, D. Hazarika ⁹, S. Majumdar ⁶, R. S. Garhwal ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁷, N. Gautam ², B. A. Telpande ², A. M. Nimje ², C. Likhar ², S. Thakre ²

Affiliations
1 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
2 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
7 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
8 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
9 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN

Abstract

The present study documents the biological properties of the black soil region (BSR) of India in terms of culturable microbial population. Besides surface microbial population, subsurface population of individual soil horizons is described to improve the soil information system. An effort has been made to study the depth-wise distribution and factors (bioclimates, cropping systems, land use, management practices and soil properties) influencing the microbial population in the soils of the selected benchmark spots representing different agro-ecological sub-regions of BSR. The microbial population declined with depth and maximum activity was recorded within 0-30 cm soil depth. The average microbial population (log₁₀ cfu g^-1) in different bioclimates is in decreasing order of SHm > SHd > Sad > arid. Within cropping systems, legumebased system recorded higher microbial population (6.12 log₁₀ cfu g^-1) followed by cereal-based system (6.09 log₁₀ cfu g^-1). The mean microbial population in different cropping systems in decreasing order is legume > cereal > sugarcane > cotton. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) microbial population has been recorded in high management (6.20 log₁₀ cfu g^-1) and irrigated agrosystems (6.33 log₁₀ cfu g^-1) compared to low management (6.12 log₁₀ cfu g^-1) and rainfed agrosystems (6.17 log₁₀ cfu g^-1). The pooled analysis of data inclusive of bioclimates, cropping systems, land use, management practices, and edaphic factors indicates that microbial population is positively influenced by clay, fine clay, water content, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and base saturation, whereas bulk density, pH, calcium carbonate and exchangeable magnesium percentage have a negative effect on the microbial population.

Keywords

Agro-Ecological Sub-Regions, Benchmark Spots, Black Soil Regions, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Microbial Population.

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C. Mandal ¹, D. K. Mandal ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ², D. Sarkar ², D. K. Pal ², Jagdish Prasad ², G. S. Sidhu ³, K. M. Nair ⁴, A. K. Sahoo ⁵, T. H. Das ⁶, R. S. Singh ⁷, R. Srivastava ², T. K. Sen ², S. Chatterji ², P. Chandran ², S. K. Ray ², N. G. Patil ², G. P. Obireddy ², S. K. Mahapatra ⁶, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁴, K. Das ⁶, A. K. Singh ⁷, S. K. Reza ⁸, D. Dutta ⁶, S. Srinivas ⁴, P. Tiwary ², K. Karthikeyan ², M. V. Venugopalan ⁹, A. Srivastava ¹⁰, Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹¹, D. K. Kundu ¹¹, K. G. Mandal ¹¹, G. Kar ¹¹, S. L. Durge ², G. K. Kamble ², M. S. Gaikwad ², A. M. Nimkar ², S. V. Bobade ², S. G. Anantwar ², S. Patil ², K. M. Gaikwad ², A. M. Nimkar ², S. V. Bobade ², S. G. Anantwar ², S. Patil ², K. M. Gaikwad ², V. T. Sahu ², H. Bhondwe ², S. S. Dohtre ², S. Gharami ², S. G. Khapekar ², A. Koyal ⁴, Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁸, L. Gogoi ¹², V. N. Parhad ², A. S. Halder ⁶, R. Basu ⁶, R. Singh ⁷, B. L. Jat ¹³, D. L. Oad ⁷, N. R. Ola ⁷, K. Wadhai ², M. Lokhande ², V. T. Dongare ², A. Hukare ², N. Bansod ², A. Kolhe ², J. Khuspure ², H. Kuchankar ², D. Balbuddhe ², S. Sheikh ², B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁸, S. Majumdar ⁶, R. S. Garhwal ⁷, A. Sahu ⁹, S. Mahapatra ¹¹, S. Puspamitra ¹¹, A. Kumar ¹⁰, N. Gautam ², B. A. Telpande ², A. M. Nimje ², C. Likhar ², S. Thakre ²

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 03, IN
2 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
8 National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Jorhat 785 004, IN
9 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
10 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
11 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN
12 National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Jorhat 785 004
13 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001

Abstract

The sustenance of food and nutritional security are the major challenges of the 21st century. The domestic food production needs to increase per annum at the rate of 2% for cereals and 0.6% for oilseeds and pulses to meet the demand by 2030. The Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the black soil regions (BSR) are the two major food production zones of the country. Since irrigation potential is limited and expansion of irrigated area is tardy, rainfed agriculture holds promise to satisfy future food needs. Frontline demonstrations of these two regions have shown that there is a large gap at the farmers' and achievable levels of yields. This gap can be filled by adopting scientific approach of managing the natural resources. There is tremendous pressure of biotic and abiotic stresses hindering the crop production and that warrants for a systematic appraisal of natural resources. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) divided the country into 60 agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) in 1994 by superimposing maps on natural resources like soils, climate and length of growing period (LGP) for crops and other associated parameters. With the passage of nearly two decades and the advent of modern facilities of database management and improved knowledge base on natural resources, a need was felt to revise the existing AESR map to reach near the ground reality of crop performance. The new database stored in soil and terrain digital database (SOTER) has helped in modifying the AESR delineations of the BSR (76.4 m ha) and the IGP (52.01 m ha). The estimated available water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity and use of pedo-transfer functions in assessing the drainage conditions and soil quality have helped in computing with improved precision the LGP, and revise the earlier AESRs in BSR and IGP areas. This innovative exercise will be useful for the future AESR-based agricultural land use planning.

Keywords

Agro-Ecological Sub-Regions, Food Production Zones, Land-Use Planning, Length of Growing Period.

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Alok Kumar Srivastava ¹, Kulandaivelu Velmourougane ², T. Bhattacharyya ³, D. Sarkar ³, D. K. Pal ⁴, J. Prasad ⁴, G. S. Sidhu ⁵, K. M. Nair ⁶, A. K. Sahoo ⁷, T. H. Das ⁷, R. S. Singh ⁸, R. Srivastava ³, T. K. Sen ³, S. Chatterji ³, P. Chandran ³, S. K. Ray ³, N. G. Patil ³, G. P. Obireddy ³, S. K. Mahapatra ⁵, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁶, K. Das ⁷, A. K. Singh ⁸, S. K. Reza ³, D. Dutta ⁷, C. Mandal ³, D. K. Mandal ³, S. Srinivas ³, P. Tiwary ³, K. Karthikeyan ³, M. V. Venugopalan ², Mausumi Raychaudhuri ⁹, D. K. Kundu ⁹, K. G. Mandal ⁹, Ashutosh Kumar ¹, G. Kar ⁹, S. L. Durge ³, G. K. Kamble ³, M. S. Gaikwad ³, A. M. Nimkar ³, S. V. Bobade ³, S. G. Anantwar ³, S. Patil ³, K. M. Gaikwad ³, V. T. Sahu ³, H. Bhondwe ³, S. S. Dohtre ³, S. Gharami ³, S. G. Khapekar ³, A. Koyal ⁶, Sujatha ⁶, B. M. N. Reddy ⁶, P. Sreekumar ⁶, D. P. Dutta ¹⁰, L. Gogoi ¹⁰, V. N. Parhad ³, A. S. Halder ⁷, R. Basu ⁷, R. Singh ⁸, B. L. Jat ⁸, D. L. Oad ⁸, N. R. Ola ⁸, K. Wadhai ³, M. Lokhande ³, V. T. Dongare ³, A. Hukare ³, N. Bansod ³, A. Kolhe ³, J. Khuspure ³, H. Kuchankar ³, D. Balbuddhe ³, S. Sheikh ³, B. P. Sunitha ⁶, B. Mohanty ⁵, D. Hazarika ⁹, S. Majumdar ⁷, R. S. Garhwal ⁸, A. Sahu ², S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, N. Gautam ³, B. A. Telpande ³, A. M. Nimje ³, C. Likhar ³, S. Thakre ³

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
2 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
4 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
8 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
9 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN
10 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN

Abstract

Comprehensive reports on land-use changes and their impact on soil biological properties, specifically microbial population in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, are lacking. Since IGP is the most fertile land, data on microbial population of IGP may contribute towards the evaluation of various soil quality parameters, disease suppression, organic matter decomposition, plant growth promotion and soil management pattern. To enhance our knowledge on culturable microbial populations in different soil horizons of the agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) in the IGP, a study has been undertaken to collect soil samples from the established benchmark (BM) spots of these plains with an objective to investigate the impacts of bioclimates, soil depth, cropping systems, land use systems and management practices on the distribution of culturable microbial population. Bacterial : fungal ratios are significantly different across the land use types. The bacterial and fungal populations are strongly and negatively correlated with soil depth and maximum microbial population (40%) exists in the surface horizon (0-30 cm) than in the subsurface horizon (121-150 cm). Generally, bacterial populations are higher than actinomycetes and fungal populations in all soil profiles of the IGP. Approximately 10% decrease in Shannon diversity index has been observed with increase of 30 cm depth and 89% fall between surface and subsurface profiles. Non-significant difference in microbial population (P < 0.05) is noticed across the management and land use systems. Sub-humid (moist) bioclimatic system recorded higher microbial population than sub-humid (dry) and semi-arid bioclimatic systems. Legume-based cropping system has higher microbial population than cereal or vegetable-based cropping.

Keywords

Agro-Ecosystems, Microbial Population, Land Use Type, Soil Depth.

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M. V. Venugopalan ¹, P. Tiwary ², S. K. Ray ², S. Chatterji ², K. Velmourougane ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ², K. K. Bandhopadhyay ³, D. Sarkar ², P. Chandran ², D. K. Pal ⁴, D. K. Mandal ², J. Prasad ², G. S. Sidhu ⁵, K. M. Nair ⁶, A. K. Sahoo ⁷, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁶, A. Srivastava ⁸, T. H. Das ⁷, R. S. Singh ⁹, C. Mandal ², R. Srivastava ², T. K. Sen ², N. G. Patil ², G. P. Obireddy ², S. K. Mahapatra ⁵, K. Das ⁷, S. K. Singh ⁷, S. K. Reza ¹⁰, D. Dutta ⁷, S. Srinivas ⁶, K. Karthikeyan ², Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹¹, D. K. Kundu ¹¹, K. K. Mandal ¹¹, G. Kar ¹¹, S. L. Durge ², G. K. Kamble ², M. S. Gaikwad ², A. M. Nimkar ², S. V. Bobade ², S. G. Anantwar ², S. Patil ¹², M. S. Gaikwad ², V. T. Sahu ², H. Bhondwe ², S. S. Dohtre ², S. Gharami ², S. G. Khapekar ², A. Koyal ⁶, Sujatha ⁶, B. M. N. Reddy ⁶, P. Sreekumar ⁶, D. P. Dutta ¹⁰, L. Gogoi ¹⁰, V. N. Parhad ², A. S. Halder ¹³, R. Basu ⁷, R. Singh ⁹, B. L. Jat ⁹, D. L. Oad ⁹, N. R. Ola ⁹, A. Sahu ¹, K. Wadhai ², M. Lokhande ², V. T. Dongare ², A. Hukare ², N. Bansod ², A. Kolhe ², J. Khuspure ², H. Kuchankar ², D. Balbuddhe ², S. Sheikh ², B. P. Sunitha ⁶, B. Mohanty ⁵, D. Hazarika ¹⁰, S. Majumdar ⁷, R. S. Garhwal ⁹, S. Mahapatra ¹¹, S. Puspamitra ¹¹, A. Kumar ⁸, N. Gautam ², B. A. Telpande ², A. M. Nimje ², C. Likhar ², S. Thakre ²

Affiliations
1 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
2 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
3 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
4 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
8 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 103, IN
9 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
10 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
11 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN
12 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033
13 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091

Abstract

Crop simulation models have emerged as powerful tools for estimating yield gaps, forecasting production of agricultural crops and analysing the impact of climate change. In this study, the genetic coefficients for Bt hybrids established from field experiments were used in the InfoCrop-cotton model, which was calibrated and validated earlier to simulate the cotton production under different agro-climatic conditions. The model simulated results for Bt hybrids were satisfactory with an R² value of 0.55 (n = 22), d value of 0.85 and a ischolar_main mean square error of 277 kg ha^-1, which was 11.2% of the mean observed. Relative yield index (RYI) defined as the ratio between simulated rainfed (water-limited) yield to potential yield, was identified as a robust land quality index for rainfed cotton. RYI was derived for 16 representative benchmark (BM) locations of the black soil region from long-term simulation results of InfoCrop-cotton model (based on 11-40 years of weather data). The model could satisfactorily capture subtle differences in soil variables and weather patterns prevalent in the BM locations spread over 16 agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) resulting in a wide range of mean simulated rainfed cotton yields (482-4393 kg ha^-1). The BM soils were ranked for their suitability for cotton cultivation based on RYI. The RYI of black soils (vertisols) ranged from 0.07 in Nimone to 0.80 in Panjari representing AESR (6.1) and AESR (10.2) respectively, suggesting that Panjri soils are better suited for rainfed cotton.

Keywords

Bt Cotton, Land Quality, Relative Yield Index, Simulation Model.

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S. K. Ray ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ¹, K. R. Reddy ², D. K. Pal ³, P. Chandran ¹, P. Tiwary ¹, D. K. Mandal ¹, C. Mandal ¹, J. Prasad ¹, D. Sarkar ¹, M. V. Venugopalan ⁴, K. Velmourougane ⁴, G. S. Sidhu ⁵, K. M. Nair ⁶, A. K. Sahoo ⁷, T. H. Das ⁷, R. S. Singh ⁸, R. Srivastava ¹, T. K. Sen ¹, S. Chatterji ¹, N. G. Patil ¹, G. P. Obireddy ¹, S. K. Mahapatra ⁵, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁶, K. Das ⁷, S. K. Reza ⁹, D. Dutta ⁹, S. Srinivas ⁶, K. Karthikeyan ¹, A. Srivastava ¹⁰, M. Raychaudhuri ¹¹, D. K. Kundu ¹¹, V. T. Dongare ¹, D. Balbuddhe ¹, N. G. Bansod ¹, K. Wadhai ¹, M. Lokhande ¹, A. Kolhe ¹, H. Kuchankar ¹, S. L. Durge ¹, G. K. Kamble ¹, M. S. Gaikwad ¹, A. M. Nimkar ¹, S. V. Bobade ¹, S. G. Anantwar ¹, S. Patil ¹, V. T. Sahu ¹, S. Sheikh ¹, D. Dasgupta ¹, B. A. Telpande ¹, A. M. Nimje ¹, C. Likhar ¹, S. Thakre ¹, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, K. M. Gaikwad ¹, H. Bhondwe ¹, S. S. Dohtre ¹, S. Gharami ¹, S. G. Khapekar ¹, A. Koyal ⁴, Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁷, L. Gogoi ⁷, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁵, R. Basu ⁵, R. Singh ⁶, B. L. Jat ⁶, D. L. Oad ⁶, N. R. Ola ⁶, A. Hukare ¹, J. Khuspure ¹, B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁷, S. Majumdar ⁵, R. S. Garhwal ⁶, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹¹, S. Puspamitra ¹¹, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ¹

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
2 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, US
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
4 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
8 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
9 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
10 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
11 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN

Abstract

Sustaining soil and land quality under intensive land use and fast economic development is a major challenge for improving crop productivity in the developing world. Assessment of soil and land quality indicators is necessary to evaluate the degradation status and changing trends of different land use and management interventions. During the last four decades, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) which covers an area of about 52.01 m ha has been the major food producing region of the country. However at present, the yield of crops in IGP has stagnated; one of the major reasons being deterioration of soil and land quality. The present article deals with the estimation of soil and land quality indicators of IGP, so that, proper soil and land management measures can be taken up to restore and improve the soil health. Use of principal component analysis is detailed to derive the minimum dataset or indicators for soil quality. The article also describes spatial distribution of soil and land quality with respect to major crops of IGP.

Keywords

Land Quality Index, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Quality and Health.

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S. Chatterji ¹, P. Tiwary ¹, T. K. Sen ¹, J. Prasad ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ¹, D. Sarkar ¹, D. K. Pal ², D. K. Mandal ¹, G. S. Sidhu ³, K. M. Nair ⁴, A. K. Sahoo ⁵, T. H. Das ⁵, R. S. Singh ⁶, C. Mandal ¹, R. Srivastava ¹, P. Chandran ¹, S. K. Ray ¹, N. G. Patil ¹, G. P. Obireddy ¹, S. K. Mahapatra ³, S. Srinivas ⁴, K. Das ⁵, A. K. Singh ⁶, S. K. Reza ⁷, D. Dutta ⁵, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁴, K. Karthikeyan ¹, M. V. Venugopalan ⁸, K. Velmourougane ⁸, A. Srivastava ⁹, Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹⁰, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ¹, G. K. Kamble ¹, M. S. Gaikwad ¹, A. M. Nimkar ¹, S. V. Bobade ¹, S. G. Anantwar ¹, S. Patil ¹, K. M. Gaikwad ¹, V. T. Sahu ¹, H. Bhondwe ¹, S. S. Dohtre ¹, S. Gharami ¹, S. G. Khapekar ¹, A. Koyal ⁴, Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁴, L. Gogoi ⁷, V. N. Parhad ¹, A. S. Halder ⁵, R. Basu ⁵, R. Singh ⁶, B. L. Jat ⁶, D. L. Oad ⁶, N. R. Ola ⁶, K. Wadhai ¹, M. Lokhande ¹, V. T. Dongare ¹, A. Hukare ¹, N. Bansod ¹, A. Kolhe ¹, J. Khuspure ¹, H. Kuchankar ¹, D. Balbuddhe ¹, S. Sheikh ¹, B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁷, S. Majumdar ⁵, R. S. Garhwal ⁶, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ¹, B. A. Telpande ¹, A. M. Nimje ¹, C. Likhar ¹, S. Thakre ¹

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
2 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
3 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN

Abstract

Land evaluation is carried out to assess the suitability of land for a specific use. Land evaluation procedures focus increasingly on the use of quantitative procedures to enhance the qualitative interpretation of land resource surveys. Conventional Boolean retrieval of soil survey data and logical models for assessing land suitability, treat both spatial units and attribute value ranges as exactly specifiable quantities. They ignore the continuous nature of soil and landscape variation and uncertainties in measurement, which may result in the failure to correctly classify sites that just fail to match strictly defined requirements. The objective of this article is to apply fuzzy model to land suitability evaluation for major crops in the 15 benchmark sites of the Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) and 17 benchmark sites of the black soil regions (BSR). Minimum datasets of land characteristics considered relevant to rice and wheat in the IGP and cotton and soybean in the BSR were identified to enhance pragmatic value of land evaluation. The use of fuzzy model is intuitive, robust and helpful for land suitability evaluation and classification, especially in applications in which subtle differences in land characteristics are of a major interest, such as development of threshold values of land characteristics.

Keywords

Benchmark Sites, Fuzzy Model, Land Evaluation, Minimum Datasets.

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G. S. Sidhu ¹, T. Bhattacharyya ², D. Sarkar ², S. K. Ray ², P. Chandran ², D. K. Pal ³, D. K. Mandal ², J. Prasad ², K. M. Nair ⁴, A. K. Sahoo ⁵, T. H. Das ⁵, R. S. Singh ⁶, C. Mandal ², R. Srivastava ², T. K. Sen ², S. Chatterji ², N. G. Patil ², G. P. Obireddy ², S. K. Mahapatra ³, K. S. Anil Kumar ⁴, K. Das ⁵, A. K. Singh ⁶, S. K. Reza ⁷, D. Dutta ⁵, S. Srinivas ⁴, P. Tiwary ², K. Karthikeyan ², M. V. Venugopalan ⁸, K. Velmourougane ⁸, A. Srivastava ⁹, Mausumi Raychaudhuri ¹⁰, D. K. Kundu ¹⁰, K. G. Mandal ¹⁰, G. Kar ¹⁰, S. L. Durge ², G. K. Kamble ², M. S. Gaikwad ², A. M. Nimkar ², S. V. Bobade ², S. G. Anantwar ², S. Patil ², V. T. Sahu ², K. M. Gaikwad ², H. Bhondwe ², S. S. Dohtre ², S. Gharami ², S. G. Khapekar ², A. Koyal ⁴, Sujatha ⁴, B. M. N. Reddy ⁴, P. Sreekumar ⁴, D. P. Dutta ⁷, L. Gogoi ⁷, V. N. Parhad ², A. S. Halder ⁵, R. Basu ⁵, R. Singh ⁶, B. L. Jat ⁶, D. L. Oad ⁶, N. R. Ola ⁶, K. Wadhai ², M. Lokhande ², V. T. Dongare ², A. Hukare ², N. Bansod ², A. Kolhe ², J. Khuspure ², H. Kuchankar ², D. Balbuddhe ², S. Sheikh ², B. P. Sunitha ⁴, B. Mohanty ³, D. Hazarika ⁷, S. Majumdar ⁵, R. S. Garhwal ⁶, A. Sahu ⁸, S. Mahapatra ¹⁰, S. Puspamitra ¹⁰, A. Kumar ⁹, N. Gautam ², B. A. Telpande ², A. M. Nimje ², C. Likhar ², S. Thakre ²

Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, IN
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, IN
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, IN
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, IN
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, IN
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, IN
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, IN
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, IN

Abstract

Five benchmark soils, namely Fatehpur (Punjab) and Haldi (Uttarakhand) non-sodic soils, Zarifa Viran (Haryana), Sakit and Itwa sodic soils (Uttar Pradesh) representing Trans, Upper, Middle and Central Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) were revisited for studying the morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils at low and high management levels to monitor changes in soil properties due to the impact of landuse as well as management levels. The results indicate an increase in bulk density (BD) below the plough layer, and build up of organic carbon (OC) and decline in pH in surface layers of Zarifa Viran, Sakit and Itwa sodic soils under high management. The concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates in sodic soils decreased due to adaptation of rice-wheat system. The build-up of OC and decrease of pH in surface soils under rice- wheat system enhanced the soil health. Increase in BD in subsurface soils, however, is a cause of concern for sustaining rice-wheat cropping system. Soil management interventions such as tillage, conservation agriculture and alternate cropping system have been suggested for improved soil health and productivity.

Keywords

Benchmark Soil, Bulk Density, Land-Use Changes, Rice–Wheat System, Soil Properties.

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D. Jena ¹, S. C. Nayak ¹, A. K. Dash ¹, B. Mohanty ¹, B. Jena ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in an iron toxic soil (Aeric Haplaquept) to study the effect of fly ash, lime, potash, zinc and manganese on yield and iron content of rice plant. Symptoms of iron toxicity were appeared at 25-30 days after transplanting (DAT) and bronzing symptoms were scored as per IRRI standards (1-6 scale). The score values ranged from 3-8 in susceptible Jajati variety and from 1-3 in tolerant Mahsuri variety. The mean grain yield and iron concentration in leaf ranged from 19.04 to 24.29 q ha^-1 and 719.10-936.85 ppm, respectively with application of NPK only (control). By application of different soil amendments the grain yield increased by 10.93 to 63.95 per cent and iron content in plant reduced by 2.73 to 43.04 per cent over control. Among the soil amendments lime and zinc were found superior to other soil amendments. However, fly ash, a by product of thermal power plant with high silica content can be used as a low cost amendment for correction of iron toxicity.

Keywords

Iron Toxicity, Tolerance to Iron, Soil Amendments, Integrated Approach.

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A. K. Dash ¹, B. Mohanty ¹, B. Jena ¹, S. K. Mukhi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in the lateritic soils of Bhubaneswar to study the effect of lime and boron on yield and nutrient content of cabbage. The results revealed that liming and boron (B) application has significant effect on cabbage yield, which varied between 39.9 to 62. t ha^-1. Highest significant yield of 62.11 t ha-1 was obtained with 0.2 lime requirement (LR) + B @ 2 kg ha^-1). The yield of cabbage increased with levels of lime up to 0.2 LR but thereafter it declined at 0.3 LR. With application of lime the cabbage yield was increased by 21 to 31% over control (L₀B₀) at 0.1 LR to 0.2 LR. With application of B there was increase in yield by 16 and 22 % over control at boron 1 kg (B₁) and boron 2 (B₂) kg levels, respectively although the yield at B₁ and B₂ were non-significant. With application of lime the pH of the post-harvest soil increased. On the other hand with application of B the pH was decreased as compared to no B treatment. The available B content in post harvest soil was decreased in B₀ treatments. The quality parameters like protein, ascorbic acid and carbohydrate content of cabbage were increased with increasing levels of B and lime. After harvest of the cabbage, okra was grown in residual lime and boron. Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer was applied to all treatments. There was difference in the pod yield due to residual effect of lime and boron. The pod yield was increased by 5-10% under residual lime and 2-6% under residual B treatment over L₀B₀. cabbage responded to lime and B application. There was synergistic effect of lime x boron on cabbage, which was found significant and promising. Liming @ 0.2 LR and B @ 2 kg/ha increased cabbage yield by 31% over control. The yield of succeeding okra crop increased by 5-10% under residual lime and 2-6% under residual B treatment over L₀B₀.

Keywords

Cabbage, Lime, Boron, Cropping System.

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D. Jena ¹, A. K. Dash ², R. Yerra ¹, B. Mohanty ¹, B. Jena ¹, S. K. Mukhi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN
2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

Sewage water of Bhubaneswar city is being used as a source of irrigation in E-block of Central Farm, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar for cultivation of different crops since last three decades. A study was carried during 2005 to characterise sewage water (SW) and its impact on soil properties, essential nutrients and heavy metal content in leaf of crop plants. Sewage water samples, sewage water irrigated soils and leaf of plants of rice, mustard, sunflower, maize, tomato, grain amaranthus, cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal, lady’s finger and water hyacinth(sewage channel) were collected and analysed for different plant nutrients and heavy metals. The data revealed that SW samples were non saline, acidic in reaction (pH 6.5-6.89) and had optimal level of BOD (48-55 mgl^-1) and COD (90 -105 mg l ^-1).The concentration of cations were in the order of Ca >Mg >Na >K. Residual sodium carbonate was nil. Based on SAR and EC rating, SW belonged to C1S1 category. Concentration of NH₄-N, NO₃-N, PO₄, Zn and B ranged from 48.3-52.6, 8.1-8.3, 2.4-2.5, 1.5-2.5 and 0.7-0.75 mgl^-1, respectively. Concentration of heavy metals was in the order of As > Pb >Hg >Ni >Co > Cd >Se. Available N, P₂O₅, K₂O and SO₄-S content of sewage water irrigated soils were higher than normal soil. The DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo and B ranged between 63.3 to 122.2,13.4 to 62.6, 3.6 to 44.7 ,2.4 to 11.6, 3.8 to 4.0 and 0.52 to 1.15 mgl^-1 in SW soils and 60.6,15.1,0.8 ,0.8,0.6 and 0.52 mgl^-1 in normal soil, respectively. DTPA extractable heavy metals in SW soils were in order of As >Se > Pb > Cr >Ni >Hg > Cd. The leaf of crop plants grown in SW soils had toxic amounts of Fe, B and Mo. Toxic concentration of Zn and Cu were present in cabbage and cauliflower only. The concentration of Cd, Pb and Cr in rice, mustard, sunflower, maize, tomato, grain amaranthus, cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal and lady’s finger were below upper level of phytotoxicity. Maximum accumulation of Co and Hg was in cabbage and cauliflower. Grain amaranthus and water hyacinth contained higher amount of Ni and Se. Contents of heavy metals in leaf of crops grown in normal soils were lower than SW irrigated soils. Based on ISI standard, it is recommended to use sewage water of Bhubaneswar for irrigation after pre-treatment.

Keywords

Sewage Water, Sewage Irrigated Soils, Micronutrients, Heavy Metals.

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H. K. Senapati ¹, A. K. Dash ², G. H. Santra ², B. Mohanty ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN
2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

The long term fertilizer experiment was designed in Aeric Haplaquept of Bhubaneswar, Orissa with rice-rice cropping system. The treatments comprised of 100% N, NP, NPK (with and without S, Zn, FYM and Weedcide) 50 % and 150 % NPK along with control (no fertilizer) and an additional treatments receiving lime+NPK (based on soil test). In the preceding years substantial yield reductions of kharif rice were observed in the treatment receiving either to K or low rates of K application. Moreover, K balance sheet was found to be negative in all the treatments. In spite of negative K balance there was gain of NH₄OAC extractable K from 10 to 30 kg ha^-1 and loss of non exchangeable K from 17 to 121 kg ha^-1 in all the treatments over initial value. Equilibrium activity ratio (AR Ke) was found to be the lowest 1.2 x 10^-3 (M/l)^1/2 in 100 % NP and highest (3.2 x 10^-3 (M/L)^1/2 in 150 % NPK treatment. Potential building capacity (PBC-K) was highest in the treatment receiving lime + NPK (soil test). Labile K (-DKe) was lowest (2.2 x 10^-2 meq/100 g) in 100 % NP treatment as against 3.4 x 10^-2 meq/100 g in the treatments receiving lime + NPK (soil test). K/N ratio of plant was much lower at the PI stage and also decreased with increasing levels of NPK which showed that K availability was not in proportion to availability of N. K/Fe ratio increased 2 to 3 fold and there was also increase of Mn/Fe ratio of PI stage with increasing levels of K. Variations in K content in plant were found to be significantly related to the variation in equilibrium concentration of K, ARKe, NH₄ OAC-K and HNO₃-K. Fe content in plant decreased with increasing levels of K application. Yields were significantly higher with higher levels of K.

Keywords

Long Term Fertilizer Use, K Nutrition, Rice-Rice Cropping System, Rice Yield.

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P. K. Das ¹, D. Jena ², B. Jena ², B. Mohanty ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN
2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

A laboratory investigation was carried out to study the effect of lime applied with and without gypsum on the changes in adsorbed and soluble SO₄ ^2- at different time intervals in two Alfisols of Orissa. Lime was applied @ 0 and 0.3 LR with three different combinations of sulphur i.e. 0, 20 and 40 μg g^-1 through gypsum. The soils were incubated for a period of 60 days. Soil pH, after liming, increased by 0.3 to 0.6 unit in Dhenkanal soil and 0.4 to 0.9 unit in Jharsuguda soil at different days of the incubation period in different treatments. Soil pH either remained constant or decreased slightly with application of gypsum. There was a significant reduction in exchangeable H+ and Al⁺⁺⁺ after liming. Effect of gypsum on the changes in exchangeable H+ and Al⁺⁺⁺ was insignificant. Application of lime decreased the adsorbed SO₄ ^2- -S by 20.3 to 58.1 % and 30.9 to 47.5 % and increased the soluble by 14.3 to 99.3% and 21.3 to 125.4% in Dhenkanal and Jharsuguda soils, respectively in different treatments at different days of the incubation period. However, adsorbed, soluble and (adsorbed + soluble) were higher in the lime + gypsum treated soils than in the lime treated soils only. There were irregular changes in adsorbed, soluble and (adsorbed + soluble) with increasing days of the incubation period.

Keywords

Alfisol, Lime, Gypsum, Soil pH, Adsorbed SO₄ ^2--S, Soluble.

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