Informatics Publishing Limited

Roshani Bhalerao ¹, Akshay Patil ¹, Dinesh Rishipathak ¹, Sanjay Kshirsagar ¹

Affiliations
1 MET’S Institute of Pharmacy, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik-422003, Savitribai Phule Pune University, IN

Abstract

Many patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and all patients with T1DM require insulin to keep blood glucose levels in the target range. The most common route of insulin administration is subcutaneous insulin injections. There are many ways to deliver insulin subcutaneously such as vials and syringes, insulin pens, and insulin pumps. Though subcutaneous insulin delivery is the standard route of insulin administration, it is associated with injection pain, needle phobia, lipodystrophy, noncompliance and peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, the need exists for delivering insulin in a minimally invasive or noninvasive and in most physiological way. Inhaled insulin was the first approved noninvasive and alternative way to deliver insulin, but it has been withdrawn from the market. Technologies are being explored to make the noninvasive delivery of insulin possible. Some of the routes of insulin administration that are under investigation are oral, buccal, nasal, peritoneal and transdermal. This review article focuses on the various insulin delivery techniques. This article has focused on different possible routes of insulin administration with its advantages and limitation and possible scope for the new drug development.

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Inhaled Insulin, Insulin Delivery, Oral Insulin, Technology, Closed-Loop System, Artificial Pancreas.

Full Text

     

Ravindra Sonawane ¹, Akshay Patil ¹, Sagar Sonawane ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Paediatrics, Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Nashik - 422003, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Introduction: Pulmonary disorders represent one of the most common diagnoses in infants admitted to neonatal units. The clinical presentation of respiratory distress in the new born includes apnea, cyanosis, grunting, inspiratory stridor, nasal flaring, poor feeding, and tachypnea. Most cases are caused by transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, or meconium aspiration syndrome, but various other causes are possible. Objectives: Study was performed to analyze clinical profile, risk factors and outcome in terms of mortality. Methods: Data was collected for 78 newborns included in the study with respiratory distress. General information, socioeconomic status, history and clinical examination were documented. Newborn with respiratory distress were shifted to NICU for further management. Time of onset of distress was documented and the severity of the distress was documented and the severity was assessed by using Silverman and Anderson clinical scoring. Duration of O₂ therapy, intervention done in the form of surgical/ventilator/ surfactant therapy/treatment and mortality was documented to assess the clinical outcome against the final diagnosis. Results: It was seen that in 97.4% of the cases of newborn respiratory distress the cause was respiratory in origin. Majority of the newborns had severe respiratory distress (47.43%) and moderate respiratory distress (46.15%) compared to mild distress (6.4%). 100% of newborns with RDS was diagnosed with severe respiratory distress (5 out of 5) and 73.9% was with diagnosis of MAS (17 out of 23) had developed severe respiratory distress as compared to 29.8% of the neonates with respiratory distress with diagnosis of TTNB (14 out of 47). 55.5% of the newborns (30 out of 54) male babies developed severe respiratory distress compared to 33.3% (8 out of 24) female babies. Interpretation and Conclusions: Transient tachypnea of the newborn is the most common cause of respiratory distress in newborn. Almost 50% of newborn with respiratory distress develop severe respiratory distress which require intensive monitoring. Risk factors like high maternal age, primigravida mothers, Small for gestation age, birth weight less than 2.5Kg associated with severe respiratory distress in newborns.

Keywords

Neonate, Respiratory Distress.

Full Text

   

Manas Vijayan ¹, Akshay Patil ¹, Vijay Kapse ¹, Sarika Bahadure ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, IN

Abstract

Urban areas consume nearly two-thirds of the global energy and are responsible for 70% of overall green-house gas emissions. This energy can be broadly clas-sified into three categories, i.e. embodied, operational and transport. Energy-efficient urban planning is an attempt to reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources, without sacrificing the quality of service. The strategies formulated for addressing energy efficiency will be targeting one or more of the energy types men-tioned above. The present study evaluates the energy efficiency strategies adopted by cities across the world which are cited as best practices by the International Energy Agency. One of the key observations from this study is that most strategies address operational energy, while few address transport energy. For the purpose of assessing the impacts of these strategies, technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution analysis was carried out which revealed an overall poor performance score for the case cities, with highest score for Stockholm and lowest for Austin. It is also evident from the study that there is a lack of detailed energy assessment of cities prior to formulation of energy efficiency strategies. This study demonstrates a framework that can be adopted for assessing urban energy efficiency strategies, and helps to identify the issues pertaining to current practices.

Keywords

Best Practices, Embodied, Energy-Efficient Urban Planning, Greenhouse Gases, Operational And Transport Energy.

Full Text