Informatics Publishing Limited

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Methods: A total of 149 students were randomly selected and asked to complete the anonymous questionnaire of 27 items.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 15.66 ± 0.96 years ranging from 14 to 17 years; mean menarche age was 12.81 ± 1.09 years with a range of 9-16 years. The duration between two periods and the menstrual flow were 27.7 ± 2.5 days and 5.8 ± 1.4 days, respectively. The prevalence of scanty bleeding, menorrhagia\hypermenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, metrorrhagia, and dysmenorrhoea were 26.10%, 12.08%, 10.06%, 5.36% and 52.34%, respectively. Approximately 3.81% of dysmenorrhoeic subjects had severe dysmenorrhoea; dysmenorrhoea affected school concentration in 25.49%, sports participation in 39.59%, social withdrawal in 31.54% and school absenteeism in 20.80%. Most common symptoms of dysmenorrhoea was abdominal cramps 81.81%, others are 38.96% backache, 24.67%, headache, 33.76% fatigue, 7.79% diarrhea, 6.49% vomiting and 31.16% abdominal bloating were reported.

Conclusion: The prevalence of menstrual abnormality and dysmenorrhoea was high, and most adolescents have inappropriate and insufficient information about menstrual problems. Hence, an education programme is needed at the end of primary school about menarche and menstruation.

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Khardeola Formation (∼200 m), representing the lowermost clastic assemblage of Vindhyan Supergroup in southeast Rajasthan, consists of a fine clastic sequence in the lower part and a gritty, coarse to medium grained sandstone in the upper part. The formation crops out as discontinuous linear patches close to the western boundary of the basin. The Khardeola assemblage is investigated in this study for sedimentary facies, palaeocurrents, depositional environments and palaeogeography at the onset of Vindhyan sedimentation.

The lower fine clastic sequence (15-60 m thick) consists of interlaminated shale and siltstone, thinly bedded sandstone and mudstone,and red sandstone in a coarsening upward sequence, showing parallel to wavy lamination, ripple marks, desiccation cracks, bidirectional cross lamination, and gently inclined lamination. The facies assemblage, their characteristics, and occurrence alongside linear bodies of Khardeola sandstone, call for a protected depositional environment (back barrier lagoonal to tidal flat). The succeeding Khardeola sandstone, forming the upper part of the assemblage, represents 40-150 m thick sequence of moderately well sorted quartzarenite, subarkose and sublitharenite, and crops out as narrow linear ridges trending north-South. These sandstone units are divisible into four facies on the basis of fining upward texture, bedding types, and scale of sedimentary structures. Conglomeratic facies occurs in the basal part of sandstone with well defined scour base. The succeeding facies of lenticular sandstone with scour base comprises upward thinning sets of large, medium and small scale planar and trough cross bedding. The paleocurrent pattern reflects bipolar, bimodal to trimodal dispersal from the base of the sequence upward, directed broadly towards east and west, and occasionally towards north or south. Inasmuch as the source area providing quartzo feldspathic sediments was located mainly to the west of study area, the easterly paleocurrents were directed basinward (seaward). These deposits are interpreted as originating within laterally migrating tidal inlets (barrier inlets), in which easterly oriented ebb currents were dominant, with intermittent influx of flood oriented and north or south directed longshore currents. Plane bedded to gently inclined units of quartzarenite are interpreted as beach foreshore (spit) deposits that occur in places, capping the barrier inlet sequence. A combination of barrier inlet migration and shoreline transgression resulted in a truncated and modified barrier island sequence, dominated by inlet fill sandstone that merges with or oversteps westward (landward) the interlayered, fine grained clastic lagoonal/Tidal flat facies.

The Khardeola sedimentation was terminated with the decline in sediment supply, rise in sea level and landward migration of shoreline, followed by deposition of the overlying algae dominated Bhagwanpura Limestone in a quiet,open shelf of transgressive phase.

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Dengue is one of the most prevalent mosquito born infection worldwide. Dengue fever is a viral disease spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which bites during daylight hours. The disease is common in tropic and subtropic regions and is often confused with malaria. With the increased rate of adult dengue fever victims, the number of infected pregnant women has also increased. Severe dengue illness during pregnancy is associated with major adverse outcome of maternal deaths, perinatal deaths, preterm births and haemorrhage during labour. In case of infection close to term, there is a risk of vertical transmission. Hence the knowledge of its diagnosis and timely management is of vital importance. Dengue infection can present four different clinical syndromes: undifferentiated fever, classical dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The effects of dengue fever on pregnancy have not been researched thoroughly, so comprehensive data is not available. It is advisable for pregnant women to avoid travelling to areas where dengue fever is common, such as the Caribbean, Central America and south-central Asia. If travel is necessary, pregnant women should take measures to reduce the risk of mosquito bites. To avoid being bitten by a dengue fever carrying mosquito, women should wear long pants and long sleeves, and stay away from standing water and use mosquito nets while sleeping. The working women are more at risk at their work places, due to mosquito presence and there may be no mosquito repellents used, stagnant water in coolers, their uniforms etc.

We report our experience of three years (2010-2012) of managing pregnancy complicated by dengue.

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Objective: The study was done to evaluate the efficacy of oral lycopene therapy when used in combination with conventional intralesional steroid therapy in the management of oral submucous fibrosis.

Methods: Thirty patients with oral submucous fibrosis (grade III and IV) were included and randomly divided into 2 groups consisting of 15 each: Group A (oral lycopene with biweekly intralesional steroids and hyaluronidase), Group B (biweekly intralesional steroids and hyaluronidase alone). Mouth opening and burning sensation were recorded from baseline to 6 weeks. Cases were followed up to 3 and 6 months.

Results: We observed a complete relief of burning sensation in all patients of both the groups, There was significant increase in mouth opening among both groups. The patients in the group B had increased moth opening than the group A patients.The results were statistically significant.

Conclusion: Lycopene in combination with intralesional steroids and Hyaluronidase, is highly efficacious in improving the mouth opening and reducing other symptoms in patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis. No side effects were reported with its usage.

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The present research work was designed with an aim to develop and evaluate buccoadhesive microspheres by cross linking method and determine the suitability of the formulation in nicotine replacement therapy. The developed microspheres were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters like appearance, particle size distribution, DSC studies, angle of repose, drug content, mucoadhesion time, in vitro release behaviour and ex vivo drug permeation through porcine buccal mucosa. The release kinetics was further explored by using Korsmeyer- Peppas equation. Stability studies of optimized batches of microspheres were carried out as per ICH guidelines. The optimized batch was found to have the particle size between 100- 150 μm and angle of repose 28.34±0.2, thus showing good flowability. The DSC thermogram revealed the engulfment of the drug into microspheres. The drug content of all the batches was found to be in the range of 96-105%. The mucoadhesion time was found to be 8.4±0.5 hrs. The in vitro release profile revealed that the drug release was sustained for 8hrs. The n value nearer to 0.5 indicates that the drug followed the Fickian diffusion pattern of release kinetics. Further ex vivo permeation studies of microspheres showed 88.91% drug permeation through the buccal mucosa in 8 hours with good correlation coefficient 0.9980 with the in vitro dissolution studies. Thus the developed microspheres will be a very effective buccal drug delivery system for the treatment of nicotine addiction.

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This research was conducted in Jalandhar district of Punjab with aim of assessing the determinants and extent of crop diversification among farmers with small - sized   land holdings. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in conducting the research. Out of the ten blocks of the district, seven blocks were randomly selected. In each of the seven selected block, a single village was further selected for sampling. Seventy questionnaires were distributed to the farmers in order to assess the factors hindering them from going for diversification. The result shows that 86.7 percent of the farmers grows rice and wheat while 3.3 percent grows rice, wheat and sugarcane. 6.7 percent grows rice, wheat and potato. The remaining 3.3 percent of the farmers grows other crops. Similarly, 55 percent of the farmers attributed the reasons of mono-cultural farming to profitability of rice and wheat. While 13.3 percent of the farmers attributed it to issue of food security. While 5 percent of the farmers attributed it to absence of any alternative crops which they can grow in place of rice and wheat. They said this absence is the cause ischolar_main for their sticking to growing of rice and wheat every season. 23.3 percent of the farmers believed that the cause of mono-cultural farming is declining soil fertility, lack of assurance of income (MSP), yield and vulnerability of other crops to insect and pest attacks. For they believed that rice and wheat are more resistant to weather changes than other crops. While 3.3 percent of the farmers have adopted mono-cultural farming system due to uncertainty of monsoonal rains, perishability of the crops, poor soil condition and lack of income security in form of Minimum Support Price (MSP). It was recommended that authorities should extend the minimum support price to a wider range of other crops which farmers are willing to cultivate. For they will remove the fear of uncertainty of income at the end of the season and this will induce farmers to go for diversification. Likewise, they should make available the seeds of improved varieties of rice likes Basmati which needs less fertilizer and less rainfall and which is thus environmentally friendly.     

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