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A. Balasubramanian , Thresiamma Jacob , S. Sara Vanan

Abstract

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G. S. Gopalakishna ¹, P. Harinarayanan ¹, A. Balasubramanian ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Mysore - 560 006, IN

Abstract

Quality of groundwater in a hard rock teriam is more controlled by the Rock-Water interaction and the residence time of water in aquifers. The residence time in turn depends on the groundwater systems within a larger hydrological unit. The hydrogeochemcial facies of groundwater in the twin watersheds of Cauvery basins near Keralapura of Hassan district Karnataka has been determined. Based on water samples collected and analyzed from 32 locations during Pre-and Post-Monsoon seasons, the hydrogeochemical facies in the area are found to be dominated by sodium-Bicarbonate type.

Keywords

Groundwater, Microwatersheds, Hassan District, Karnataka.

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S. Radhamani ¹, A. Balasubramanian ¹, K. Ramamoorthy ¹, V. Geethalakshmi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, IN

Abstract

The traditional cropping leads to a high degree of uncertainty in yield, income and employment under dryland conditions. The integrated farming system approach introduces a change in the farming techniques for maximum productivity in farming by optimal utilisation of resources. Judicious mix of agricultural crops and other enterprises suited to the given agroclimatic condition and socio-economic status of the farmer would improve the prosperity in the farming. The present day trend towards sustainable agriculture encourages the utilisation of residue and waste materials of crop and its allied activities for enrichment of soil nutrients, water retention to protect the enviromnent over a long period. In this treatise, relevant literature on farming systems research, contribution of different components in the farming system under drylands are briefly reviewed.

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R. Kalpana ¹, S. P. Palaniappan ¹, A. Balasubramanian ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, IN

Abstract

Two green manures Sesbania aculeata and Sesbania rostrata were intercropped with greengram and redgram and incorporated to the follow up rice crop treated with three levels of N at 0, 50, and 100 kg N ha^-1. Results indicated that loss in yield of grain legumes due to intercropping was well compensated by the green manure contribution to the succeeding rice. Rice yield obtained with incorporation of S. rostrata and 50 kg N ha^-1 was higher than that obtained with 100 kg N ha^-1 alone thus resulting in a saving of 50 kg of fertilizer N ha^-1.

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S. Radhamani ¹, A. Balasubramanian ¹, C. Chinnusamy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 1999 to study the effect of foliar application of nutrients and growth regulators on yield of rainfed greengram in clay loam soil. The treatments were control, foliar spray of DAP(2%),salicylic acid (100 ppm), NAA (40 PPM) and their combinations. The results revealed that spraying of DAP (2%) in combination with NAA (40 ppm) at 50 per cent flowering stage of greengram recorded the highest (874 kg ha^-1) seed yield due to increased number of pods per plant, seeds per pod and pod yield. Individual application of either DAP or NAA recorded lesser seed yield than their combinations. Control recorded the lowest (552 kg ha^-1) seed yield.

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A. Balasubramanian ¹, C. V. Jawahar ²

Affiliations
1 HP Labs India, Bangalore – 560 030, IN
2 Centre for Visual Information Technology, International Institute of Information Technology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad – 500 032, IN

Abstract

Digital libraries are becoming integral part of our day-to-day life. Digitized books and manuscripts in many of these digital libraries are often stored as images or graphics. Very often, they cannot be searched at the content level due to the lack of robust character recognizers. PDF (portable document format) has emerged as one of the most popular document representation schema in digital libraries, especially for storing scanned documents. When there is no textual (UNICODE, ASCII) representation available, scanned images are stored in the graphics stream of PDF. In this paper, we describe a solution to search the textual data in the graphics stream of the PDF files, at the content level. The proposed solution is demonstrated by enhancing an open source PDF viewer (Xpdf). Indian language support is also provided. Users can type a word in Roman (ITRANS), view it in a font, and simultaneously search in textual and graphics stream of PDF.

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A. Balasubramanian ¹, A. Hemanth Kumar ¹, R. Prasanna Venkatesan ¹

Affiliations
1 Sri Hayagriva Institute of Information Technology, Erode, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) allows the provisioning of private network services for an organization or organizations over a public or shared infrastructure such as the internet or service provider backbone. VPNs are provisioned using technologies such as Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and virtual circuits have been available for a long time, but over the past few years IP and Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based VPNs have become more and more popular. A VPN is a cheap source of tunneling, encryption, authentication, and access control technologies and services used to carry traffic over the internet or a managed IP network, or a providers backbone. In VPN technologies, a tunnel allows streams of data and associated user information to be transmitted over a shared network within a virtual pipe model. This pipe model makes the routed network totally transparent to users. In the pipe model it is necessary to calculate traffic matrix.
An another model called hose model, in which there is no need for a complete traffic matrix. But only the total amount of traffic which a node exerts into the network and the total amount of traffic which it receives from the network need to be specified in the model.
The main contribution of this paper is that blocking probability is compared for different over provisioning factors. Blocking probability is a measure of network performance. Apart from these, security and web services are indispensable factors involved in this work.

Keywords

BP, MPLS, NAT, OPF, OVPN.

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R. S. Shiva Prasad ¹, A. Balasubramanian ², B. Suresh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Discharge of industrial wastewater to surface or groundwater pollutes the environment. Therefore, treatment of any kind of wastewater before letting it off as effluent is always necessary to prevent contamination of natural systems, especially water. In this regard choosing an effective treatment system assumes importance. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) system has proven to offer substantial benefits to alternative conventional flow systems for the biological treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters. Operationally, SBR is extremely flexible in its ability to meet many different treatment objectives, while physically it is very simple. Sequencing batch (fill-and-draw) biological reactors can be operated to provide equalization, treatment, and sedimentation in the same set of reactors. The wastewaters can be held in the treatment systems until the desired effluent quality is achieved. The above results were obtained through the experiments carried out in a pharmaceutical industry. The effluents generated by the industry are pretreated and taken to evaporation system. The effluent condensate generated, containing organic load is taken to sequencing batch reactor for further treatment. The results are very encouraging and cost effective. This paper describes the SBR physical system and explains approaches to develop the design needed to meet different treatment objectives.

Keywords

Wastewater Treatment, Sequencing Batch Reactor, Activated Sludge Process, Diffused Aeration System, F/M Ratio.

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Mahesha ¹, A. Balasubramanian ²

Affiliations
1 Deptt. of Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, IN
2 Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry-605 014, IN

Abstract

The Dalvoy lake of Mysore is fed mostly by storm water drainage from a major part of the city. It is exposed to the influence of heavy urbanization and industrialization. The lake water is primarily used for agricultural practices seen over the southeastern side of the lake at downstream end. Due to several reasons, the water quality is deteriorating. In order to evaluate the potability and assessment of water quality for different purposes, all important physicochemical and biological parameters were detected by collecting samples from the surface and also from depths ranging from 4 to 12 feet. The water analysis data were processed to determine the water quality index by NSF method. For each of WQI a descriptive quality indicator has been derived as very poor (0-38), poor (39-71), good (72-83), very good (84-89) and excellent (90-100) categories. Surface water quality, mainly used for drinking water abstraction, has been represented on the lake network map. In this paper the water quality indicators were calculated for all locations and also classified with reference to seasons. It was observed that the WQI of the Dalvoy lake is not good and the main cause of deterioration is due to the lack of proper sanitation, untreated inflow water with municipal sewage and due to uncontrolled anthropogenic activities.

Keywords

Water Quality Index, Water Quality Indicators, Drinking Water, Dalvoy Lake, Mysore City.

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T. Jeyavel Raja Kumar ¹, A. Balasubramanian ², R. S. Kumar ¹, K. Manoharan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, T.N., IN
2 University of Pondicherry, Pondicherry, IN

Abstract

Hydrogeochemical characterization of 82 groundwaters has been done in Chittar sub basin of Tambaraparani river, Tirunelveli District. In this attempt major cations and anions were analysed and other parameters were calculated. The pH and EC varied from 6.60 to 8.50 and 115 μmhos/cm to 9780 μmhos/cm. The TDS and Total hardness varied from 81mg/L to 6846 mg/L and 40 mg/L to 1818 mg/L. The range of chemical concentration of cations such as Ca, Mg, Na, K and anions like Cl, HCO₃, SO₄, NO₃ varied from 12 mg/L to 533 mg/L, 3 mg/L to 116 mg/L, 9 mg/L to 3255 mg/L, 1.0 to 89.0 mg/L and 9 mg/L to 2904 mg/L, 45 mg/L to 691 mg/L, 2 mg/L to 237 mg/L, 1 mg/L to 16 mg/L respectively. SAR ranges from 0.592 to 22.82 and the RSC varied from 32.46 to 5.48. The results show that certain groundwater sample locations exceed the maximum permissible limit but exceeding the desirable limit of WHO standard for drinking. The attempt revealed the present level of element contamination and source of the ionic contribution in the study area.

Keywords

Chittar Sub-Basin, Hydrogeochemistry, Tambaraparani River, Groundwater Pollution, SAR.

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C. N. Hari Prasath ¹, A. Balasubramanian ¹, M. Prasanthrajan ¹, S. Radhakrishnan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Siliviculture, Forest College and Research Institute (T.N.A.U.), Mettupalayam (T.N.), IN

Abstract

A study was conducted to identify suitable fast growing trees under wasteland condition for carbon sequestration. Accordingly, five fast growing trees namely Tectona grandis Linn., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris and Swietenia macrophylla king were selected for field study under wasteland condition. The performance of these trees was assessed with biometrical traits (height, basal diameter) and eco-physiological traits (transpiration, photosynthesis, intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance). Among the five species, Dalbergia sissoo exhibited highest growth, productivity and also superior in ecophysiological traits suits for carbon sequestration. The tree species, Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris performed well next to Dalbergia sissoo interms of biometric, productivity and eco-physiological parameters. The lowest biometric and productivity was observed in Gmelina arborea. The tree species, Dalbergia sissoo and Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris are highly suitable for afforestation in wastelands to attain carbon sequestration benefits.

Keywords

Tree Species, Wasteland, Carbon Sequestration, Eco-Physiological Traits.

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C. N. Hari Prasath ¹, A. Balasubramanian ¹, S. Radhakrishnan ¹, M. Prasanthrajan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Silviculture, Forest College and Research Institute (T.N.A.U.), Mettupalayam (T.N.), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth and carbon sequestration potential of five fast growing trees namely Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sissoo, Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris and Swietenia macrophylla. The saplings of these five species were planted and assessed for biometric, biomass production and carbon accumulation potential. Among the five tree species, Dalbergia sissoo and Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris were found to be superior interms of maximum height, basal diameter, biomass and biomass carbon. Gmelina arborea exhibited low height, basal diameter, biomass and biomass carbon. The per cent contribution of biomass carbon was higher in the stems of all the species followed by root, branches and leaves. The field study inferred that, Dalbergia sissoo and Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris performed well with higher biomass and biomass carbon productivity under dry land condition and hence these two species can be promoted for afforestation / reforestation of the wastelands in Tamil Nadu under protected irrigation conditions.

Keywords

Fast Growing Trees, Wasteland, Growth Performance, Carbon Stock Assessment.

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N. Kavitha ¹, K. Sentamilarasu ¹, K. Divyabharathi ¹, A. Balasubramanian ², C. Vigneshwaran ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, IN
2 Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, IN

Abstract

Boiler is a powerhouse of any process industry. Formation of scale and soot in boilers is still a great concern to increase the efficiency of the boiler. This paper presents a method for the soot blowing automation in a boiler using PLC.  The important parameter to be monitored in each steam generator is the thermal efficiency or the heat rate. These parameters are influenced by many factors, including the boiler design, control strategy, fuel quality, operating conditions etc. Soot, ash, and slag deposit (fouling) on the individual heat exchange surfaces affects the heat transfer between the flue gas and steam. It is necessary to clean the surfaces of boiler tubes periodically, in order to avoid the negative effect of fouling. The main objective of the soot blowing automation system is to optimize this cycle. An automated technique is designed and implemented using PLC. Proposed soot blowing automation system monitors the process variables, estimates the fouling status of heat exchange surfaces, evaluates impact on economy and triggers the soot blowing sequence.

Keywords

Boiler, Thermal Efficiency, Soot Blower, PLC.

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M. Mohamed Sathik ¹, M. Syed Mohamed ², A. Balasubramanian ²

Affiliations
1 Department Of Computer Science, Sadakkathullah Appa College, Tirunelveli, IN
2 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, IN

Abstract

In the recent days, environment is polluted day by day due to various factors. One of the causes is smokes during the massive fires. Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) fire can be detected earlier and also initiate the rescue operation before it becomes fire. In this paper, we will examine the possibility Support Vector Machine (SVM) for detecting the Fire which has large data sets. It is achieved by using the sketch of classes distribution which is obtained by using Minimum Enclosing Ball (MEB). This approach has many distinctive advantages on dealing with large data sets particularly forest fire data sets. Also, the Support Vector Machine has gained profound interest among the researchers because of its accuracy and the same is extremely important in this Forest Fire context as the cost of misclassification using a classifier is very high. Hence, this approach using multi class Support Vector Machine shows a higher accuracy in detecting the Forest Fire. The experimental result also shows a better accuracy in predicting the Forest Fire. Further, the rescue process will be initiated through the pervasive devices which are placed around the fire sensational area. This process will suppress the fire sensation and protect the field from the fire. We are including an architectural level procedure for implementing the rescue process.

Keywords

Multi Classification, Large Dataset, Pervasive Rescue Devices, Support Vector Machine, Wireless Sensor Networks.

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D. Nagaraju ¹, Jagadesh ¹, K. Siddaraju ¹, H. M. Shivaswamy ¹, H. M. Bhanuprakash ¹, A. Balasubramanian ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysuru-570006, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Groundwater recharge from surface water sources is an essential aspect in any watershed or a hydrological unit. For any small scale groundwater assessment, experimental approaches are usually adopted. However, recharge into aquifers depends on several hydrogeological factors on a regional scale analysis; groundwater assessment is conducted in a comprehensive approach considering all the geospatial data of different contributing factors. These factors include geomorphological, geological and structural elements like lineaments, drainage frequency, drainage density, lithology, land use and land cover. This study has been conducted with an integrated approach to identify the groundwater potential of the area, and the factors influencing groundwater recharge. The study has shown that the prevailing groundwater conditions are very good along the stream networks and the remaining zones show moderate to poor groundwater resources. It is also found that for such an integrated study, the tools and techniques of remote sensing and GIS are more useful.

Keywords

Groundwater Assessment, Drainage, Land Use, Land Covers Valley Regions.

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