Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Role of User Generated Content in Destination Image Formation


Affiliations
1 Department of Business Administration, Tezpur University, Assam, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Purpose: This paper is a humble effort on bringing together the ideas and research findings of different intellectuals and researchers with respect to formation of destination image. Special emphasis is put on the role of the internet, specifically User Generated Content (UGC), in formation of destination image.

Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper uses review of literature from various sources that are relevant to the subject of study. The literature is selected based on the availability, language (English), accessibility, and relevancy to the topic.

Findings: The rise in use of User Generated Content (UGC) platforms as source of information is influential in formation of destination image. This phenomenon has gained attention from research communities, leading to the use of numerous research methods to study the relationship between User Generated Content (UGC) and destination image.

Research Limitations/Implications: The research is limited to certain literature from a limited database. Exhaustive literature review would lead to more concrete idea of the trend flowing from the role of conventional destination image formation agents to the role of User Generated Content (UGC) in the formation of a destination image.

Practical Implications: The importance of User Generated Content (UGC) in formation of destination image can be realized by various stakeholders of tourism. The list of qualitative and quantitative research methods along with the tools applied to study the phenomenon enables the researcher in comparing and deciding about appropriate research method and tools for further research.

Originality/Value: The originality of the paper remains in the attempt to draw the attention of research community towards the shift of research interest from conventional methods of measuring destination image to the new platforms of measuring destination image.

Keywords

Destination Image, User Generated Content (UGC), Research Methods, Literature Review.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Abubakar, A., & Ilkan, M. (2016). Impact of online WOM on destination trust and intention to travel: A medical tourism perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(3), 192-201.
  • Akehurst, G. (2008). User generated content: the use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service Business, 3(1), 51-61.
  • Akgun, A., Keskin, H., Ayar, H., & Erdogan, E. (2015). The influence of storytelling approach in travel writings on readers’ empathy and travel intentions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 577-586.
  • Aksu, A., Caber, M., & Albayrak, T. (2009). Measurement of the destination evaluation supporting factors and their effects on behavioral intention of visitors: Antalya region of Turkey. Tourism Analysis, 14(1), 115-125.
  • Baka, V. (2016). The becoming of user-generated reviews: Looking at the past to understand the future of managing reputation in the travel sector. Tourism Management, 53, 148-162.
  • Baloglu, S., & Mangaloglu, M. (2001). Tourism destination images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as perceived by US-based tour operators and travel agents. Tourism Management, 22(1), 1-9.
  • Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897.
  • Baud-Bovy, M., & Lawson, F. (1977). Tourism and recreation development. London: The architectural Press.
  • Beerli, A., & Martin, J. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657-681.
  • Bigne, J., Sanchez, M., & Sanchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6), 607-616.
  • Bilgihan, A., Barreda, A., Okumus, F., & Nusair, K. (2016). Consumer perception of knowledge-sharing in travel-related Online Social Networks. Tourism Management, 52, 287-296.
  • Bizirgianni, I., & Dionysopoulou, P. (2013). The Influence of Tourist Trends of Youth Tourism through Social Media (SM) & Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 73, 652-660.
  • Bosangit, C., Hibbert, S., & McCabe, S. (2015). If I was going to die I should at least be having fun: Travel blogs, meaning and tourist experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 55, 1-14.
  • Buhalis, D. (1998). Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 19(5), 409-421.
  • Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21(1), 97-116.
  • Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet - The state of e-Tourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609-623.
  • Cai, L. (2002). Cooperative branding for rural destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 720-742.
  • Cai, S., & Jun, M. (2003). Internet users’ perceptions of online service quality: A comparison of online buyers and information searchers. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 13(6), 504-519.
  • Calantone, R., Di Benedetto, C., Hakam, A., & Bojanic, D. (1989). Multiple multinational tourism positioning using correspondence analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 28(2), 25-32.
  • Chen, C., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?. Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115-1122.
  • Chen, Y., Shang, R., & Li, M. (2014). The effects of perceived relevance of travel blogs’ content on the behavioral intention to visit a tourist destination. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 787-799.
  • Chi, C., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624-636.
  • Choi, S., Lehto, X., & Morrison, A. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism Management, 28(1), 118-129.
  • Chon, K. (1990). The role of destination image in tourism: A review and discussion. The Tourist Review, 45(2), 2-9.
  • Chon, K. (1992). The role of destination image in tourism: An extension. The Tourist Review, 47(1), 2-8.
  • Chon, K., Weaver, P., & Yong-Chol, K. (1991). Marketing your commmunity: Image analysis in Norfolk. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 31(4), 31-37.
  • Christodoulides, G., Jevons, C., & Bonhomme, J. (2012). Memo to marketers: Quantitative evidence for change. Journal of Advertising Research, 52(1), 53-64.
  • Chung, J., & Buhalis, D. (2008). Information needs in online social networks. Information Technology & Tourism, 10(4), 267-281.
  • Chung, N., & Koo, C. (2015). The use of social media in travel information search. Telematics and Informatics, 32(2), 215-229.
  • Chung, N., Lee, S., & Han, H. (2015). Understanding communication types on travel information sharing in social media: A transactive memory systems perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 32(4), 564-575.
  • Cox, C., Burgess, S., Sellitto, C., & Buultjens, J. (2009). The Role of User-Generated Content in Tourists’ Travel Planning Behavior. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(8), 743-764.
  • Crompton, J. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18-23.
  • Crompton, J., Fakeye, P., & Lue, C. (1992). Positioning: The example of the lower rio grande valley in the winter long stay destination market. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 20-26.
  • Del Chiappa, G., Lorenzo-Romero, C., & Constantinides, E. (2014). Disintermediation and user-generated content: A latent segmentation analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 524-532.
  • Echtner, C., & Ritchie, J. (2003). The meaning and measurement of destination image. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 37-84.
  • Fernando, A. (2007). Social media change the rules: Say farewell to top-down and hello to consumer-led communication. Communication World, pp.9-10.
  • Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1997). Tourist information search. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 503-523.
  • Gallarza, M., Saura, I., & Garcia, H. (2002). Destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), pp.56-78.
  • Gartner, W. (1989). Tourism image: Attribute measurement of state tourism products using multidimensional scaling techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 28(2), 16-20.
  • Gartner, W. (1994). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 191-216.
  • Gartnerand, W., & Hunt, J. (1987). An analysis of state image change over a twelve-year period (1971-1983). Journal of Travel Research, 26(2), 15-19.
  • Goodrich, J. (1978). A new approach to image analysis through multidimensional scaling. Journal of Travel Research, 16(3), 3-7.
  • Gunn, C. (1972). Vacationscape. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Business Research.
  • Gursoy, D., & McCleary, K. (2004). An integrative model of tourists’ information search behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 353-373.
  • Haigh, M., Brubaker, P., & Whiteside, E. (2013). Facebook: examining the information presented and its impact on stakeholders. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 18(1), 52-69.
  • Heung, V., & Cheng, E. (2000). Assessing tourists’ satisfaction with shopping in the Hong Kong special administrative region of China. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 396-404.
  • Hofstaetter, C., & Egger, R. (2009). The importance and use of weblogs for backpackers. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 2009, 99-110.
  • Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2007). Destination image and destination personality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 62-81.
  • Hsiao, K., Lu, H., & Lan, W. (2013). The influence of the components of storytelling blogs on readers’ travel intentions. Internet Research, 23(2), 160-182.
  • Hunt, J. (1975). Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1-7.
  • Jani, D., & Hwang, Y. (2011). User-generated destination image through weblogs: A comparison of pre- and post-visit images. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(3), 339-356.
  • Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
  • Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2006). A structural analysis of destination travel intentions as a function of web site features. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 204-216.
  • Kavoura, A., & Stavrianea, A. (2015). Following and belonging to an online travel community in social media, its shared characteristics and gender differences. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 515-521.
  • Kladou, S., & Mavragani, E. (2015). Assessing destination image: An online marketing approach and the case of TripAdvisor. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(3), 187-193.
  • Law, R., & Hsu, C. (2006). Importance of hotel website dimensions and attributes: Perceptions of online browsers and online purchasers. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 30(3), 295-312.
  • Lee, C., Lee, Y., & Lee, B. (2005). Korea’s destination image formed by the 2002 World Cup. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), pp.839-858.
  • Lee, K., & Hyun, S. (2015). A model of behavioral intentions to follow online travel advice based on social and emotional loneliness scales in the context of online travel communities: The moderating role of emotional expressivity. Tourism Management, 48, 426-438.
  • Lewis, R., & Chambers, R. (2000). Marketing leadership in hospitality (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Litvin, S., & Hoffman, L. (2012). Responses to consumer-generated media in the hospitality marketplace. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 18(2), 135-145.
  • Litvin, S., Goldsmith, R., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), 458-468.
  • Llodra-Riera, I., Martinez-Ruiz, M., Jimenez-Zarco, A., & Izquierdo-Yusta, A. (2015). A multidimensional analysis of the information sources construct and its relevance for destination image formation. Tourism Management, 48, 319-328.
  • Luo, M., Feng, R., & Cai, L. (2004). Information search behavior and tourist characteristics. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 17(2-3), 15-25.
  • Luo, Q., & Zhong, D. (2015). Using social network analysis to explain communication characteristics of travel-related electronic word-of-mouth on social networking sites. Tourism Management, 46, 274-282.
  • Mack, R., Blose, J., & Pan, B. (2008). Believe it or not: Credibility of blogs in tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(2), 133-144.
  • Mayo, E. (1973). Regional Images and Regional Travel Destination. In The Fourth Annual Conference of TTRA. Salt Lake City: Travel and Tourism Research Association, pp.211-217.
  • Munoz-Leiva, F., Hernandez-Mendez, J., & Sanchez-Fernandez, J. (2012). Generalising user behaviour in online travel sites through the Travel 2.0 website acceptance model. Online Information Review, 36(6), 879-902.
  • No, E., & Kim, J. (2015). Comparing the attributes of online tourism information sources. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 564-575.
  • Nusair, K., Bilgihan, A., & Okumus, F. (2012). The role of online social network travel websites in creating social interaction for gen Y travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(5), 458-472.
  • Pan, B., MacLaurin, T., & Crotts, J. (2007). Travel blogs and the implications for destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 35-45.
  • Pang, Y., Hao, Q., Yuan, Y., Hu, T., Cai, R., & Zhang, L. (2011). Summarizing tourist destinations by mining user-generated travelogues and photos. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 115(3), 352-363.
  • Phelps, A. (1986). Holiday destination image - The problem of assessment. Tourism Management, 7(3), 168-180.
  • Pike, S., & Ryan, C. (2004). Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333-342.
  • Reza Jalilvand, M., & Samiei, N. (2012). The effect of electronic word of mouth on brand image and purchase intention. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(4), 460-476.
  • Reza Jalilvand, M., Samiei, N., Dini, B., & YaghoubiManzari, P. (2012). Examining the structural relationships of electronic word of mouth, destination image, tourist attitude toward destination and travel intention: An integrated approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 134-143.
  • Richardson, S., & Crompton, J. (1988). Cultural variations in perceptions of vacation attributes. Tourism Management, 9(2), 128-136.
  • Salazar, N. (2007). Towards a global culture of heritage interpretation? Evidence from Indonesia and Tanzania. Tourism Recreation Research, 32(3), 23-30.
  • San Martin, H., & Rodriguez del Bosque, I. (2008). Exploring the cognitive-affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management, 29(2), 263-277.
  • Sirakaya, E., & Woodside, A. (2005). Building and testing theories of decision making by travellers. Tourism Management, 26(6), 815-832.
  • Sonmez, S., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2), 185-196.
  • Sotiriadis, M., & van Zyl, C. (2013). Electronic word-of-mouth and online reviews in tourism services: The use of twitter by tourists. Electronic Commerce Research, 13(1), 103-124.
  • Sparks, B., Perkins, H., & Buckley, R. (2013). Online travel reviews as persuasive communication: The effects of content type, source, and certification logos on consumer behavior. Tourism Management, 39, 1-9.
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Zhan, F. (2013). Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590-601.
  • Tussyadiah, I., & Fesenmaier, D. (2009). Mediating tourist experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 24-40.
  • Um, S., & Crompton, J. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3), 432-448.
  • Vrana, V., & Zafiropoulos, K. (2010). Locating central travelers’ groups in travel blogs’ social networks. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 23(5), 595-609.
  • Wang, H. (2012). Investigating the determinants of travel blogs influencing readers’ intention to travel. The Service Industries Journal, 32(2), 231-255.
  • Woodside, A., & Lysonski, S. (1989). A general model of traveler destination choice. Journal of Travel Research, 27(4), 8-14.
  • Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179-188.
  • Ye, Q., Law, R., & Gu, B. (2009). The impact of online user reviews on hotel room sales. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(1), 180-182.
  • Ye, Q., Law, R., Gu, B., & Chen, W. (2011). The influence of user-generated content on traveler behavior: An empirical investigation on the effects of e-word-of-mouth to hotel online bookings. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 634-639.
  • Yoo, K., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609-621.
  • Zhou, L. (2014). Online rural destination images: Tourism and rurality. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(4), 227-240.

Abstract Views: 339

PDF Views: 0




  • Role of User Generated Content in Destination Image Formation

Abstract Views: 339  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Deep Jyoti Gurung
Department of Business Administration, Tezpur University, Assam, India
Chandan Goswami
Department of Business Administration, Tezpur University, Assam, India

Abstract


Purpose: This paper is a humble effort on bringing together the ideas and research findings of different intellectuals and researchers with respect to formation of destination image. Special emphasis is put on the role of the internet, specifically User Generated Content (UGC), in formation of destination image.

Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper uses review of literature from various sources that are relevant to the subject of study. The literature is selected based on the availability, language (English), accessibility, and relevancy to the topic.

Findings: The rise in use of User Generated Content (UGC) platforms as source of information is influential in formation of destination image. This phenomenon has gained attention from research communities, leading to the use of numerous research methods to study the relationship between User Generated Content (UGC) and destination image.

Research Limitations/Implications: The research is limited to certain literature from a limited database. Exhaustive literature review would lead to more concrete idea of the trend flowing from the role of conventional destination image formation agents to the role of User Generated Content (UGC) in the formation of a destination image.

Practical Implications: The importance of User Generated Content (UGC) in formation of destination image can be realized by various stakeholders of tourism. The list of qualitative and quantitative research methods along with the tools applied to study the phenomenon enables the researcher in comparing and deciding about appropriate research method and tools for further research.

Originality/Value: The originality of the paper remains in the attempt to draw the attention of research community towards the shift of research interest from conventional methods of measuring destination image to the new platforms of measuring destination image.

Keywords


Destination Image, User Generated Content (UGC), Research Methods, Literature Review.

References