Indian Journal of Positive Psychology

Priyanka Behrani ¹, M. Jadeja ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Psychology, The Maharaja, Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujrat, IN
2 Department of Clinical Psychology, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gujrat, IN

Abstract

The objective of the study was to study of hope and its process using focus groups and phenomenological analysis. Snyder defines hope as: “Hope is the sum of perceived capabilities to produce routes to desired goals, along with the perceived motivation to use those routes”Snyder (1994) also proposes that hope has no hereditary contributions and it is rather an entirely learned cognitive set about goal-directed thinking. The teachings of pathways and agentic thinking is seen as an inherent part of parenting which helps the child to bring in the components of hopeful thinking in place by the age of two year. The method used for the study was focused group discussion. Twelve female co-researchers in the age group of 21-23 years were selected for the study. Phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the information. A phenomenological research consists of two main findings: textural descriptions and structural descriptions. The finding is Hope is something which is vast and abstract. It is also something which is related to positive future events and is beyond our immediate reality, experience and thus limitless. It is independent, ever- changing and even irrational at times. A contradicting quality is that hope is definitely something about which we are conscious and serious but at the same time it is something which has very little or no conviction.

Keywords

Hope, Process Model, Phenomenological Analysis, Numerosity, Journey of Hope.

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Priyanka Behrani ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Psychology, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

The present paper focuses on the comparative perspective of the concept of pleasure as described by Sigmund Freud founder of Psychoanalysis and the Indian view. The Psychoanalytic theorists suggest that the reduction of tension by the satisfaction of needs leads to happiness or Pleasure. It is theorized that happiness is because of achievement of goal which leads to satisfaction, so satisfaction is happiness. Humans are pleasure seeking creatures; Freud called this need for satisfaction, the Pleasure Principle which can be defined as the desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for consequences. The nature of pleasure as discussed in Indian literature maintains similarity and contrast with the psychoanalytic view. Madhusudana maintains that pleasure and pain are modes of mind (Antahkarnavrtti). Prasastapada (400 A.D.) defines pleasure as an agreeable feeling, pleasure arises from the conjunction of the mind with the self. It brings about an experience of agreeable feelings, inclines the self in its favor and produces its satisfaction .There is no pleasure apart from self it is a quality of the self, it is a subjective feeling and is affected by desirable objects. Vardhamana (1250 A.D.). Pleasureis a subjective experience the same object produces pleasure in one person may not in the other person. It is ultimate end of all our prudential action it is not a means to some other end. According to Samakhya and the Yoga , Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas produce pleasure ,pain and dejection respectively. They are the constituents of the mind . Pleasure is delight it is a mode of mind, and not a quality of the self and a function of sattva.

Keywords

Pleasure Principle, Indian Concept of Pleasure, Bliss, Ananda, Sattva, Rajas, Tamas and Taitriya Upanishad.

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