Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy-An International Journal

Abstract

Aims and Objectives: To determine the effect of core muscle strengthening on balance with the help of performance oriented mobility assessment (POMA) scale and assess quality of life with SF-12 questionnaire in geriatrics.

Study Design: It is a community based longitudinal study

Subjects: Inclusion criteria: Both sex and age > 60 year who are clinically stable and functionally independent.

Exclusion criteria: Subjects with conditions leading to incapacitation and functional impairment, with neurological conditions having altered balance, peripheral neuropathies, under psychiatric treatment, or impaired cognitive status.

Sample Size: Thirty subjects were enrolled in the study

Study factors: A routine history and clinical examination was carried out for selecting the subjects and basic demographic data was recorded. Pressure biofeedback was used to teach the subjects, an abdominal 'drawing-in' maneuver and a visual feedback was provided to understand the core muscle activation. Intervention: The subjects underwent a graded core muscle strengthening exercise protocol for 8 weeks period.

Outcome Factors: The outcome factors were the effectiveness of core strengthening on balance and quality of life were recorded with the help of POMA scale and SF-12 questionnaire respectively after the interventional exercises for 8 weeks.

Results: The mean age of the subjects was 75.3 years, with SD. 6.456. Statistically significant improvements in total score on POMA scale improved from 22.5 to 24.83, p value

Conclusion:Core muscle strengthening program is effective in improving balance and quality of life in geriatrics subjects.

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Aim: Efficacy of scapular movement with mobilization in patients with shoulder impingement

Objective: Assess immediate effect of scapular movement with mobilization in shoulder impingement

Research design: Exploratory study

Methodology: Scapula M.W.M was given to the patient, 10 repetitions thrice were repeated.

Outcome measures: Visual analogue scale was used to assess pain, Range of Motion in Scaption plane was assessed by using Goniometer, Supraspinatus strength assessment was assessed in Scaption plane, Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) was assessed

Data collection and analysis: Baseline data recorded for the outcome measures and post intervention data was statistically analyzed for the level of significance. Paired t-test was done for the same.

Results: Significant differences were observed with respect to various outcome measures studied. Visual analogue scale Mean difference is 2.880,Standard deviation difference is 1.447,95% confidence interval difference is 2.283 to 3.477,(p

Conclusion: Scapular movement with mobilization proved to be effective in patients with shoulder impingement

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Aim: To analyze whether the application of the Thoracic Lymphatic Pump without activation on COPD patients influences their lung function parameters.

Methodology: An Experimental Cross Sectional Study with 50 COPD diagnosed patients with COPD grade I - III according to GOLD guidelines were divided in two groups, 25 in Experimental Group(A) & 25 in Control Group(B). Pulmonary function test(Measuring VC, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC RATIO, PEF and FEF) was the outcome measure. Group A was given the TLP manipulation and 10 mins nebulization. Group B was given only nebulization.

Results: There were significant improvements in the VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC values of both the groups. The FEF values showed significant improvements in experimental group as compared to control group. The means of the difference between the pre and post values of both the groups showed no statistical significance.

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Methodology: Total 40 subject with lateral epicondylitis were recruited. They were divided in 2 groups. 20 in Experimental Group and 20 in Control Group. In Experimental group, NDS + Radial Head Mobilisation + Exercise programme was given and in Control group only Exercise programme was given to the patient. The outcome measures were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Pain Free Grip Strength (GS), Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) and Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire (PRTEE) were assessed Pre and Post treatment. Duration of treatment was 4 days/ week for 4 weeks.

Results: Experimental group, have shown that Mulligan's MWM to Radial head and Neural tissue mobilisation have found to achieve favourable outcome as compared to exercise group and even Exercise group, have been shown to have significant effects.

Conclusion: Neural tissue mobilization along with radial head mobilization was found to have a favourable outcome as compared to exercise programme.

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Background: Balance impairment in patients with stroke hemiparesis is frequently related to deficits of central integration of afferent inputs (somatosensory, visual, vestibular). Abnormal interactions between the three sensory systems involved in balance could be the source of abnormal postural reactions in these patients. The ability to analyze, compare, and select the pertinent sensory information to prevent falls can be impaired in hemiparetic stroke patients. A deficit of sensorimotor integration is now acknowledged as a major factor in balance disability after stroke. No general physiotherapy approach has been proven to be superior for promoting balance recovery from stroke. So the main purpose of the study was to study efficacy of sensorimotor integration approach along with conventional physiotherapy program for improving balance and gait in chronic stroke patients.

Objective: To Assess the Efficacy of Sensorimotor Integration on Balance&Gait in Stroke hemiparesis.

Methodology: 30 subjects with chronic stroke who met with the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into Group A and Group B. Group A was treated with Conventional training&Group B with Sensorimotor Integration.

Result: There was significant improvement seen within both the groups on Berg Balance (p<0.0001), Dynamic Gait Index (p<0.0001), 10 m walk test (p=0.0001) and Modified CTSIAB (all conditions) (p<0.0001). When both the groups were compared using unpaired t-test sensorimotor group showed significant improvements in all outcome measures (p<0.0001) except for MCTSIAB conditions 1 and 2 where the difference was not statistically significant. (Condition 1; p>0.999) (Condition 2; p=0.8562)

Conclusion: In the absence of sensory training, very limited changes were observed for both static and dynamic balance tasks. Thus it could be explained that sensorimotor integration training is one of the novel treatment which can have an additive effect along with the conventional training for balance.

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Background: Adhesive capsulitis is a condition wherein the shoulder capsule of the glenohumeral joint becomes inflamed and stiff along with adhesion formation. Mobilisation techniques and soft tissue manipulations are important interventions in the management. Both, soft tissue manipulation and joint mobilisation are proven to be effective in treatment of adhesive capsulitis in the past. However logical thinking warranted the need to study the effects of prior use of soft tissue mobilisation of the periarticular structures, which primarily get affected in adhesive capsulitis, followed by joint mobilisation techniques around the glenohumeral joint. Thus our study compared the efficacy of treatment strategies to improve the extensibility of soft tissues i.e; Myofascial release Armpull technique and Maitland's joint mobilization technique in patients with adhesive capsulitis.

Aim: To study the effects of Maitland's mobilization when preceded by Myofascial Release Arm pull technique in patients with Adhesive capsulitis.

Methodology: 30 subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly allocated into 2 Groups, Group I: Control Group - Maitland's mobilization + Exercises, Group II: Experimental Group - MFR Arm pull + Maitland's mobilization + Exercises. Brief assessment of Pain, Disability and Range of motion was done by using Visual Analogue Scale, Goniometric measurements and Shoulder Pain And Disability Index.

Results: Statistical analysis showed significant improvement in pain reduction, functional ability and ROM in both Group 1 and Group 2. However when all the outcome measures were compared between the 2 Groups, significant difference was observed in Myofascial release Arm pull technique preceding Maitland's mobilization with respect to pain, function and ROM.

Conclusion: Soft tissue mobilization comprising of Myofascial release Arm pull technique when given prior to Maitland's mobilization showed significant results in reducing symptoms as well as improving functional abilities in Adhesive capsulitis.

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Objective: To study the effect of cryotherapy on the functional ability of the throwing shoulder.

Methodology: The throwing accuracy of shoulder joint was compared before and after application of a commercially available cryotherapy pack via a functional test known as Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI).

Result: Data analysis using one way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) &Tukey's Multiple Comparison test showed that there was a statistically significant difference between Pre-Test and the post test throwing accuracy also a significant difference when compared to the throwing accuracy after 5min. However there was no statistically significant difference between the pre-test throwing accuracy and the accuracy at 10 Min & 15 minutes respectively.

Conclusions: Throwing accuracy was decreased after a 20-minute cryotherapy application to the shoulder. Caution should be taken when returning an athlete to play after a cryotherapy treatment for atleast a period of 15 Min. after the cessation of application.

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Background and Purpose: Running is not an activity without risk, and one of the likely consequences of the popularity of running is that the absolute number of injuries in this population is also increasing.It was established a 100 years ago that biological tissue adapts to the level of stress placed upon it. Repeated applied stresses that are below the tensile limit of a structure lead to positive remodeling if sufficient time is provided between stress applications, whereas inadequate time between-stress applications ultimately results in an overuse injury. Most reported injuries related to recreational running are overuse or gradual onset injuries. Thus the aim of our survey is to investigate musculoskeletal problems in recreational runners.

Objectives: • Percentage of subjects experiencing pain due to running. • Most common site of pain. • Percentage of recreational runners experiencing muscle soreness following the run. • Percentage of recreational runners taking precautionary measures while running. • Determine the percentage of recreational runners wearing specific running shoes. • Most commonly used surface for running.

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Methodology: 50 recreational runners were interviewed using a validated questionnaire. The results obtained were analyzed using simple percentage.

Results: 88% of the subjects experienced pain due to running. The knee (27%) was the most commonly reported site of pain. 72% of the subjects experienced muscle soreness following the run. 60% of the subjects took care of hydration while running. 78% of the subjects wore specific running shoes. Concrete surface (80%) was the most commonly used surface for running.

Conclusion: Majority of the subjects experienced pain due to running. The knee was the most common site of pain.

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Introduction: Literature suggests that all movements of the body either originate in or are coupled through the trunk by a strong core. This becomes vital when the goal is high-level athletic performance. There is conflicting evidence with regards to whether training on stable surface or unstable surface should be advocated for progression of core stability.

Aim: To compare the effect of six weeks of core muscle training on stable surface with unstable surface on Transversus Abdominis muscle and functional performance in male cricketers.

Study design: Experimental

Methodology: 24 healthy male cricketers (age 18-25 years), were randomly selected and randomly assigned to either Group1 (Core muscle training on Stable surface) Group2 (Core muscle training on Unstable surface). Participants were assessed on the following outcome measures before and after 6 weeks of Core muscle training. 1) Width of Transversus Abdominis muscle at rest&on contraction- using Real Time Ultrasound Imaging. 2) Functional performance tests a) Standing Stork Test b) Speed-Single Sprint Test (17.7m) c) Speed-Agility: Run Three 505 Agility Test d) Vertical Jump Height Test

Results: Data was analysed using paired t-test for within group analysis and unpaired t-test for between group analysis. Statistical significance was accepted at p <0.05. Both the groups showed significant improvement on all outcome measures. On comparison, core muscle training on unstable surface training produced more statistically significant hypertrophy in Transversus Abdominis (p=0.0103), to training on stable surface, but there was no statistically significant difference in functional performance tests.

Conclusion: In male cricketers, Core muscle training of six weeks on unstable surface produced more statistically significant hypertrophy in Transversus Abdominis muscle, but there was no difference on functional performance tests when compared to core muscle training on stable surface.

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Background

Commonly two incisions are used in Upper Abdominal Surgeries (UAS): Midline and Subcostal. Following either of the surgeries patients develop significant alteration in breathing pattern due to the restrictive type of pulmonary dysfunction.

Aims & Objectives

To compare the effects of both the incisions on pulmonary mechanics, assess which of the two incisions affect the pulmonary mechanics more than the other and to accordingly modify the post-operative Chest Physiotherapy treatment plan.

Materials and methods 10 subjects in each group (subcostal and midline incision) were selected. Parameters like diaphragm excursion on U.S.G., Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and chest expansion at three levels were measured pre-operatively, post-operatively on the 3rd and 7th day.

Results

There was a decrease in the diaphragm excursion, PEFR and chest expansion at umbilical level on post-operative day 3 but the decrease was much more in the midline group than the subcostal group. The above parameters improved on post-operative day 7 as compared to post-operative day 3 in both the groups but the improvement was much more in the subcostal group than the midline group. Both the results were statistically significant.

Conclusion

The study shows that the pulmonary mechanics are affected post-operatively in both the groups, the affection being more in the midline group than in the subcostal group. Also the return of function to the pre-operative values was earlier in the subcostal group as compared to the midline group. Hence administration of Chest Physiotherapy postoperatively should be modified accordingly to improve the function especially in the midline group.

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Background

Activities of Daily Living (ADL)" is defined as things we do in daily living including daily activities for self care. The ability or inability to perform them depends on the functional status of the individual. The Activities of Daily Living (ADL) include

Basic ADL

It consists of all self care activities.

Instrumental ADL These are not required for fundamental functioning but to enable the individuals to live independently in the community. The affection of ADL are due to age related changes taking place in different systems of the body. Due to these cumulative factors the individual prefers to adopt a sedentary lifestyle which in turn restricts the ADL. This has led my interest to find out the Limitations of Activities of Daily Living in Geriatrics.

Objectives

1. To compare the limitations between working and nonworking groups 2. To assess which activity is most affected in geriatrics population. 3. To assess which group of activities shows most affection. 4. To compare the affection of activities among the three groups.

Methodology

Design

Cross sectional study.

Population of Study

60 Women in geriatric age group. Inclusion Criteria

Women above the age of 60 yrs.

Exclusion Criteria

Women with obvious pathologies of the musculoskeletal, nervous, cardio-respiratory, sensory systems.

Study Factors

A validated questionnaire (Groningen Activity Restriction Scale)&demographic data was used to assess the limitations of activities of daily living in geriatric women. The questionnaire had 18 items all describing daily activities which were classified into 4 domains: Ambulation, Household Activities, Transfers&Personal Care. Data was collected by direct method and simple percentage was used for calculation in the study.

Results

The data was analyzed&out of 60 women who participated in the study 33.33% women each in the age group of 60yrs- 70yrs (young old), 70yrs-80yrs (middle old) and above 80yrs of age (old old), while 55% were housewives&45% were either retired or working women. Out of the 4 domains for all the age groups, the most affected domain is Ambulation followed by Household Activities then Transfers. Personal Care shows the least affection. But as age advances there is affection of all ADL but the affection differs according to the type of activity.

Conclusion

The most affected domain is ambulation. In that stair climbing is mainly affected. As age advances the ability to carry out the activities goes on detoriating. Physical activity in the early part of life does shows delay in limitations of ADL limitations. Sedentary lifestyle is the main cause for the early changes in the various systems of the body.

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Objectives: 1) To compare dynamic balance between flat feet and normal individuals using Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). 2) To determine the most affected excursion distance.

Research Design: Cross sectional study.

Method: 30 subjects with bilateral flexible flat feet as assessed by sit to stand navicular drop test and 30 subjects with normal feet both in the age group 18-25 years were chosen for the study. The sample size therefore was 120 feet (60 flat feet and 60 normal arched feet).The outcome assessed were sit to stand navicular drop test, calcaneum angle, width of the foot, great toe extension range of motion and SEBT.

Data analysis: Unpaired't' test using Graph Pad Instat software system was used.

Results: Extremely significant mean differences in sit to stand navicular drop test, calcaneum angle, width of the foot, great toe extension range of motion and SEBT was found in individuals with flat feet. Also the lateral excursion distance was least in these individuals (p<0.0001

Conclusion: Dynamic balance is affected in flat feet individuals.

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The 6 minute walk test is a practical simple test that is very commonly used to assess the submaximal functional capacity of patients with pulmonary dysfunctions. This test measures the distance that a patient can quickly walk on a flat, hard surface in a period of 6 minutes ie the 6 minute walk distance (6MWD). It is widely administered in adults as well as paediatrics groups. Though there are reference values of the 6MWD available for adult group, no such values are available for Indian paediatric groups. This study aims to find the reference values for 6 minute walk test for Indian paediatric group.

Methodology: The 6 minute walk test was administered on 300 school children of both sexes. The distance covered and the pre and post test basal parameters were assessed or each subject.

Conclusion: The distance covered by the subjects was found to be 599.47±81 mtrs with little difference between the two sexes.

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AIM:

To compare ankle and foot characteristics of knee osteoarthritis patients with age and gender matched normal.

METHOD:

STUDY DESIGN:

Cross Sectional Study

STUDY SETTING:

Physiotherapy OPD, Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Hospital and Research Centre.

PARTICIPANTS:

In total, 60 participants:

• 30 patients with knee osteoarthritis- GROUP 1

• 30 age and gender matched normals- GROUP 2

OUTCOME MEASURES:

Foot posture index (FPI), navicular drop, calcaneal eversion angle, range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint extension.

RESULTS:

Extremely significant differences in FPI scores, navicular drop, calcaneal eversion angle and ROM of ankle dorsiflexion and 1st MTP extension were seen between both the groups. Patients in group 1 had a pronated foot as compared to group 2 with mean FPI score of 7.03. Mean navicular drop in group 1 was 8.36mm and mean calcaneal angle was 15.53 degrees. Decreased ROM of ankle dorsiflexion and 1st MTP extension were observed in group 1.

CONCLUSION:

Patients with medial knee osteoarthritis have a pronated foot posture with greater navicular drop and calcaneal eversion angle. They also have a decreased ankle dorsiflexion and great toe extension as compared to normals. Thus foot assessment should be considered as an important component in the evaluation of patients with severe knee osteoarthritis. This can have implications for use of orthotics in the management of knee osteoarthritis.

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Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is common problem among young and active individuals. The aetiology of PFPS has been attributed to biomechanical abnormalities. Hip muscle strength is a major contributing factor for alterations in patellofemoral joint.

Purpose of the study: To compare the hip muscle strength between normals and patellofemoral pain syndrome patients using push-pull dynamometer.

Materials and methodology: 60 subjects were taken. 30 were patellofemoral pain syndrome patients and 30 were normals (age, gender, BMI matched). They were allocated to 2 study groups;

Group A : subjects with PFPS

Group B : Normals (age, gender, BMI matched).

Hip muscle strength of all the hip muscle groups was assessed by Baseline push-pull dynamometer. Outcome measure was in the form of hip muscle strength in kgs.

Results: Unpaired 't'test was used to compare the hip muscle strength in kgs between normals and PFPS patients.

There was a significant difference between all the muscle groups. Major difference was seen in abductors, extensors and external rotators.

Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the hip muscle strength difference amongst the patient's hip muscle groups. Muscle strength deficit was maximum in external rotators followed by internal rotators, abductors, extensors, adductors and then flexors.

Conclusion: Hip muscle strength of PFPS patients is less when compared to the normals. Majorly affected muscles are abductors, extensors and internal rotators.

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Background: Business executives comprises of the sophisticated class of individuals working as managers and chief executive officers(CEO) of various public and private sector firms or companies. These individuals are prone to a lot of work related stresses leading to a variety of psychological, cardiac, musculoskeletal problems etc. However, very less is known and done about these issues. It has also been seen that though these upper middle class individuals are aware about the various stress related health issues, they are not adequately aware of the life style and work station modifications that are required which could be practiced to prevent these problems.

Objectives:

1. To find out prevalence of common health problem in business executives.

2. To bring awareness about the same.

3. To make appropriate recommendations.

Method:

DESIGN: Cross Sectional Survey Study

Study Population: 100 Business Executives, aged 30-75 yrs with more than 5 yrs of work experience.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Business executives greater than 30 yrs of age.

2. Work experience of more than 5 yrs and working for more than 5 days a week.

3. Individual who are on managerial post.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals on other working post like sales man, cashier etc.

2. Individuals less than 30 yrs&more than 75 yrs of age.

STUDY FACTORS: The data was collected by the help of a self administered pre-validated questionnaire which consisted of 29 questions. Data was collected by direct method and represented in descriptive form.

Results: Results show that most common health problems in business executives in each domain are

Psychosocial problems - Tiredness&lack of energy (65%)

Respiratory problems - Cold&cough (65%)

Gastrointestinal problems - Epigastric burning (acidity) (61%)

Medical problems - Hypertension (53%)

Musculoskeletal problems -Low back pain (41%)

67% of executives experienced Mild to moderate stress and the executives who exercised regularly had less health problem compared to those who did not exercise.

Conclusion: The most common health problems in business executives were due to faulty and poor life style and hence there is a need to modify their lifestyle, working environment and need to exercise regularly in order to protect themselves from any major health risk and improve their quality of life.

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Introduction: This study is the extension of physiotherapy services to dentistry. Saliva is critical fluid necessary for oral health. Medications, Radiation therapy to head&neck cancers, and Autoimmune disorders such as Sjogren's syndrome can decrease salivary function (Xerostomia) and increase a patients risk for caries and other oral infections. Palliative management of Xerostomia includes wetting agents such as ice chips and saliva substitutes. Systemic agents stimulate salivary flow but often have unfavorable side effects. TENS is a modality very commonly used by Physiotherapists&is well known for the analgesic effects. In this study we have explored a different domain of TENS&have studied its effect on salivation.

Study Design: Experimental

Materials & Method: Sixty healthy, adult in the age group between 20 to 40 with no history of salivary gland disorder enrolled in the protocol. They were assigned randomly to one of the two treatment groups. Unstimulated saliva was collected for 5 minutes via expectoration method for both groups into measuring cylinder using standardized collection techniques.

Group I (n=30) received TENS

The parotid glands were stimulated bilaterally for 5 minutes with TENS&saliva was collected during the period of stimulation&30 minutes post stimulation&24 hours post stimulation.

Group II (n=30) were Control group and did not receive any TENS. The same procedure for collecting saliva was followed for the control group.

Results: Group I was the only group that had statistically significant increase in salivation. Also there was a statistical significance when between groups comparison was done.

Conclusion: High frequency, low intensity TENS was effective in increasing salivary flow in healthy adult subjects.

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Introduction:

Osteoarthritis - or degenerative joint disease (DJD) - is a common rheumatological disorder. In view of limited cure of the disease, management of symptoms is the mainstay of treatment which aims at reducing pain and limiting functional impairments. Knee taping is believed to relieve pain by improving alignment of the patello-femoral joint and/or unloading inflamed soft tissues.

Material&Method:

• Aims&Objectives: To study the immediate effects of taping on pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees by assessing the VAS score on four activities of daily living: walking, squatting, ascending and descending stairs and on functional disability tests like walking speed, Time Get Up and Go test and step test.

• Study Design: Hospital based Longitudinal Study

Subjects:

Inclusion criteria: Patients with unilateral or bilateral knee pain, clinically and radiologically diagnosed grade 1 and grade 2 osteoarthritis, (according to Kellgren and Lawrence classification) as patello-femoral and/or tibio-femoral osteoarthritis of knees were included. Exclusion criteria: Knee instability, acute stage osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid and other knee arthritis.

• Study Factors:

Intervention: Patellar Taping by McConnell technique and Tibio-femoral taping by Mulligan Technique.

Outcome factors: Post taping Pain measurement by VAS Scale, Observed Disability Measures like TUG (Timed Get Up and Go test), Walking speed, and Step test.

Results: Sixty subjects enrolled with mean age of 57.17 years. Pain relief using VAS scores on the 4 activities i.e. walking, squatting, ascending stairs and descending stairs, TUG scores, Step test scores and Walking Speed showed statistically significant improvements after taping in both unilateral and bilateral OA knee subjects.

Conclusion: Knee taping significantly improve pain and disability in individuals with osteoarthritis of the knees as an immediate effect.

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Objective: To assess foot posture, foot function and correlate it with balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Materials and Method: The presence of neuropathy was evaluated using a clinical scale. Foot posture was evaluated using foot posture index. Foot function was evaluated using foot function index. Balance was evaluated using Tinetti's Balance Scale (POMA) and Bergs Balance Scale (BBS).

Results: There is significant correlation of FFI and POMA with BBS with r value of 0.7028 and p value of 0.0008. There is a significant correlation of FFI, POMA and BBS with r value of -0.4491, - 0.4547 and -0.5892 and p value of 0.0188, 0.0172 and 0.0012.there is a significant correlation of duration of diabetes with POMA, BBS with r value of -0.3394 and -0.3504 and p value of 0.0159 and 0.0126. There is a significant correlation of severity of neuropathy with POMA and BBS with r value of - 0.2901 and -0.3165 and p value of 0.0410 and 0.0251.

Conclusion: In this study thus there was a positive correlation of pronated foot with balance, duration of diabetes with balance and severity of neuropathy with balance.

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Eysenck in 1990 pointed at differences in cortical arousability as being the biological basis of introversion and extroversion. Various studies have assessed sensory processing thresholds in terms of auditory, visual, olfactory, pain and electrocutaneous responses and have found the thresholds to be reduced in introverts as compared to extraverts.

The present study aimed to test the correlation between sensory, pain thresholds and pain tolerance ( using Pressure Algometer and Direct current) and scores on factors included in the the Global dimension of Introversion v/s Extraversion assessed using 16PF Self Report Questionnaire. 40 young adults females without history of any psychological or physical illness ( neurological, musculoskeletal) were included in the study.

Results: There was no significant correlation found between the degree of Introversion as determined by any of the 5 Factors on the scale of 1 to 10 and the measures of Sensory Threshholds, Pain Threshhold and Pain Tolerence with the Spearman's Rho being < 0.5 in each finding.

This suggests that the levels of these factors that constitute the global trait of Introversion v/s Extraversion are not related to physical sensitivity alone; impulsivity and anxiety may need to be studied. As this scale focused on individuals with values close to the population norms ( 4 to 6), the relationship was not found to be significant.

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Objective: To compare efficacy of Maitland Thoracic Mobilisation and Deep Neck Flexor (DNF) Endurance training with only Deep Neck Flexor Endurance training on Cervical Range Of Motion (ROM), Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) in patients with Mechanical Neck Pain.

Study design: Experimental

Methodology: 30 mechanical neck pain patients between the age 18 -35 who met inclusion&exclusion criteria were selected. They were then randomly assigned to one of the 2 treatments groups: Group A (Maitland thoracic mobilisation with DNF endurance exercises) or Group B (only DNF endurance exercises) The training groups were assigned to their respective treatment programs for a period of 4 weeks.

Participants were assessed on the following outcome measures before and after 4 weeks of treatment.

1) Numerical Pain Rating Scale

2) Neck Disability Index

3) Cervical Range of Motion

Result: On comparison, Maitland Thoracic Mobilisation with DNF Endurance training was found to produce more statistically significant reduction in pain and greater improvement in Cervical Lateral Flexion and Rotation range of motion. However there was more reduction even in NDI scoring in this group, but when compared with only DNF Endurance training exercises it was not statistically significant. There were no statistical significant differences when the groups were compared for cervical sagittal mobility.

Conclusion: In patients with Mechanical Neck Pain, DNF Endurance training exercises with Maitland Thoracic mobilisations is more effective than only DNF Endurance training exercises reducing pain and improving cervical lateral flexion and rotation ROM, but there was no statistically significant difference between groups on cervical sagittal mobility and NDI scoring.

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Purpose of the study: Stroke is defined as the sudden loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of the blood flow to the brain. Almost 80% of the stroke patients have middle cerebral artery as the most commonly involved artery both due to hemorrhage as well as infarction. The prevalence of spasticity in the post stroke population is estimated at 38-60%of patients one year after stroke6. The Modified Ashworth Scale is the most frequently used and valid scale for measurement of both upper and lower limb spasticity. The Dynamic Gait Index is also a reliable and valid scale used for measuring gait outcome in chronic stroke patients. The aim of the study is to find whether there exists correlation these two measures in patients with MCA involvement thus helping us determine if a correlation exists between spasticity and gait.

Objective: To correlate the MAS scores of upper &lower extremity with DGI in relation to side of involvement. To correlate the MAS scores of lower extremity with DGI. To find out the maximally affected gait parameters on DGI To compare the DGI scores of right sided hemiplegics with left sided hemiplegics.

Design: Co-relational study.

Study Setting: Neurological department of Pad Dr D.Y. Patil Hospital, Nerul; Balaji old age centre, Koparkhairne Navi Mumbai.

Participants: patients with more than 3months of post stroke duration with involvement of MCA and able to walk atleast 10meters with or without support.

Interventions: Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures: All subjects were evaluated for the MAS (Modified Ashworth scale) grading and DGI (Dynamic Gait Index) scores.

Results: The MAS scores of the lower extremity correlates significantly with DGI scores (p 0.0043), also the subjects with left hemispherical involvement had good correlation with MAS scores (p U/L 0.0458 p L/L 0.0368). Staircase climbing is the most affected DGI component.(31.20%)

Conclusions: The MAS scores of lower extremity in chronic MCA stroke patients show correlation with the DGI scores with Staircase climbing being the most affected component and correlation between MAS and DGI exists strongly in subjects with Left hemispherical involvement.

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Primary Dysmenorrhoea (PD) has widespread prevalence&far reaching academic, social &economic implications thus making it imperative that due importance is given to efficient treatment protocols for the same. The study aims to investigate the effect of 12-weeks of aerobic exercise on Primary Dysmenorrhoea (PD) as measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Multidimensional score (MDS), Maximum number of Sanitary napkins used per day on the day of maximum bleeding (SNMax) and the Quality of Life(QOL as measured by SF-36).

Methodology: A total of 60 subjects from a group of young students who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected and the baseline measures of VAS, SN-Max, the MDS and SF-36 QOL were recorded. The Experiment group was administered a treadmill based Aerobic Exercise Programme at a frequency of 3-5 times per week for 12-weeks and thereafter the outcome measures recorded.

Results: Statistical Analysis of pre&post intervention outcome measures showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) decline in the pain, restriction of activities and analgesic requirement and Quality of Life of subjects in experimental group.

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