Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development

Ammar Yaser Mohammed ¹, Nibal Mohammed Hoobi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pedodontic and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry,University of Baghdad, IQ

Abstract

Passive smoking is perhaps one of the most important toxic exposures in childhood. The evidence for a causal association between smoking and premature tooth loss is rapidly growing .Dental caries occurs predominantly in younger children, and various factors may influence development of dental caries including passive smoking. This study was designed to assess dental caries experience and salivary total protein among 5 years old passive smokers in Tikrit city. This study included 60 kindergarten children (32 boys, 28 girls) aged 5 years old,Passive smokers group included thirty children was compared with control group consist of thirty children matching in number, age and gender,but they were not passive smokers. Caries-experience was diagnosed and recorded according to criteria of decayed, missing and filling Surface index (dmfs index for primary teeth) described by WHO 2013. Stimulated salivary samples were collected for the estimation of total protein concentration. All data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21.The percentage of dental caries occurrence was found higher in study group than control group. Concerning dental caries experience represented by dmfs, results showed that mean values of dmfs and its component (ds,ms and fs) were higher among passive smoker group. Regarding mean values of dmfs and ds, the difference was statistically highly significant (P>0.01), while it was not significant for ms and fs (P< 0.05).The data of study also revealed that salivary total protein concentration was higher among control group with statistically non-significant difference. In addition there was a negative correlation of dmfs with salivary total protein among control group, while it was positive for study group. It can be concluded that higher caries experience and lower salivary total protein concentration among passive smoker group compared to control group was found in the current study indicating influential harmful effect of passive smoking on oral health including caries experience and salivary composition.

Keywords

Dental Caries, Salivary Total Protein, Passive Smokers.

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Nibal Mohammed Hoobi ¹, Raya R. Al-Dafaai ², Baydaa Hussain ¹

Affiliations
1 Assist. Professor College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, IQ
2 Assist. Professor College of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, IQ

Abstract

Background: Black seed of Nigella sativahas been used for centuries to promote health due to its antimicrobial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of black seed water extract to reduce the release of potassium and zinc ions from enamel after acidic attack. Materials and Method: Twenty five maxillary human premolars were prepared and divided into five groups. The test solutions were included, black seed water extract in three concentrations (3%, 5%% and 7%), sodium fluoride (0.05%) as control positive and de-ionized water as control negative. The teeth in each group were immersed separately in 40 ml of the test solution for two minutes, once daily and for twenty days. The teeth then prepared for subsequent etching and analysis by atomic flame spectrometer to measure the concentration of the released potassium and zinc ions. Result: The highest mean value of dissolved potassium ion was found in de-ionized water group followed by 3% water extract of black seed while the lowest one was recorded in 7% black seed water extract. The statistical difference between the five groups was highly significant (p<0.01) by using ANOVA test. The highest mean value of dissolved zinc ion was found in de-ionized water group followed by 0.05% sodium fluoride and 3% black seed extract while the lowest one was recorded in 7% water extract of black seed. The statistical difference between the five groups was also highly significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: Water extract of black seed has the ability toreduce the dissolution of potassium and zinc ions from the tooth and might increase tooth resistance against acid attack.

Keywords

Nigella Sativa, potassium ion, zinc ion.

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