Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development

Ausama Abbas Faisal ¹, Maher Ahmed Abed ², Abbas I. Hussein ³

Affiliations
1 University of Anbar, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, IQ
2 University of Anbar, College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, IQ
3 University of Anbar, College of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, IQ

Abstract

The chemical changes that may occur with carious destruction of enamel lead to unacceptable appearance of teeth. For males and females the appearance of teeth is of most importance, therefore they should take care with their teeth. The cleaning and whitening processes are expensive and may be harmful for enamel of teeth, so this research includes the whitening of teeth by using natural product containing toothpaste. The powdered bark of walnut tree has been used as whitening material in four forms and these are tested on 40 volunteers with stained teeth in dentist clinic. The four products were powder only. Powder mixed with toothpaste, condensed aqueous extract and granules of the product. The percentage of the powder in the paste was 5%, the mixture is homogenized by using mortar and pistil and the pH is tested and calibrated by pH meter to 6.5 which is the acceptable medium for mouth and is included the normal range of saliva pH. The product is examined by brushing gently for two minutes after the brushing for same period by toothpaste without the powder. Walnut bark contains high quantities of minerals particularly manganese, and contains important subgroup of polyphenolic compound called ellagitannins which have antibacterial effects and antioxidant properties. The differences before and after brushing with powder were highly significant.

Keywords

Toothpaste. Walnut Bark. Teeth Whitener.

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Ausama Abbas Faisal ¹, Maher Ahmed Abed ¹

Affiliations
1 University of Anbar, College of medicine, Department of Biochemistry, IQ

Abstract

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs is not sufficient. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which is a general group of diseases, including smoking,that causes respiratory acidosis. The study included 50 smokers and 20 healthy individuals as a control, all of the smokers are: non diabetic, non obese, normal heart and kidneys and no administration of analgesics. The excretion of ammonium in urine and its measurement is a good parameter to quantify acid excretion of kidneys, the excretion of acid is increased when the acidity of blood is increased due to respiratory problems which is the compensation mechanism between lungs and kidneys. They study results showed an increase in urinary ammonium concentration (48.18±1.15 µM) for smokers compared with control group. The high levels of urinary ammonium ions for smokers means that gas exchange is affected by smoking which leads to an increase in CO₂ causing an increase in hydrogen ion concentration [H⁺] which is respiratory acidosis. In this case the kidneys compensate the lungs by excretion more hydrogen ions in combination with ammonia derived from glutamic acid as ammonium ions to restore normal pH. Therefore we can use the concentration of urinary ammonium as an indicator for respiratory acidosis induced by smoking.

Keywords

Respiratory Acidosis. Urinary Ammonium. Smoking.

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