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Lahon, Kingshuk
- Adverse Events Following Immunisation and Global Scenario in Vaccine Pharmacovigilance
Authors
1 Department of Pharmacology, LN Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 4, No 3 (2013), Pagination: 148-153Abstract
The safety of vaccines is a high priority for vaccine manufacturers and drug regulatory bodies. Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is an untoward, temporally associated event following immunization process which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with administration of vaccine. Vaccine pharmacovigilance relates to detection, assessment, understanding, prevention and communication of adverse events following immunization, or of any other vaccine - or immunization - related issues. AEFI aggravate public opposition to immunisation and jeopardize the effectiveness of immunisation campaigns. AEFI are of various types and may be due to programmatic errors, vaccine-induced or potentiated errors. Global vaccine pharmacovigilance systems focus on passive, active or hybrid systems, record linkage and rapid cycle analyses. The global advisory committee on vaccine safety also plays an important advisory role to WHO in vaccine pharmacovigilance. Majority of the population are however exposed to non-functional systems. Thus, a global vaccine safety data network can be useful in solving this problem. WHO AEFI reporting system contains a checklist and causality assessment criteria. It can be made more effective by acting on results of assessment tools. AEFI reporting in India is an elaborate process under the charge of the CDSCO, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. However, capacity to detect and respond to AEFI needs improvement. A multipronged approach by WHO involving national authorities, multilateral agencies, nongovernmental and professional organizations, academia, healthcare institutions, pharmaceutical industry, lay public and media is the key to ensuring effective vaccine safety monitoring worldwide.Keywords
AEFI, Vaccine Pharmacovigilance
References
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- Telavancin: a Promising Weapon against Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors
1 Department of Dermatology, Tagore Medical College, Chennai, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 3, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 88-92Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the clinical effectiveness of many current antimicrobials, while jeopardizing important advances being made against major infections. This has led the World Health Organisation (WHO) to adopt Antimicrobial resistance as its theme for World Health Day 2011. While rational prescribing practices will help decrease the problem of resistance, we must have reserve drugs in our hands to fight this ever-increasing menace.
Over the past few years, there has been an intensified focus on the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA), including both community-acquired and hospital-acquired strains, against which vancomycin became the drug of choice. Increased frequency of staphylococcal and enterococcal resistance to vancomycin has prompted a search for newer anti-MRSA agents.
Telavancin, a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin, was approved in September 2009 by the FDA for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections, (cSSSI), caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). It is also being proposed for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, with focus on MRSA infections.
Major advantage of telavancin over vancomycin is its therapeutic potential against vancomycin-resistant organisms, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Telavancin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is ten times more active than vancomycin in this respect. However, unlike vancomycin, which has a slow, primarily bacteriostatic action telavancin demonstrates rapidly bactericidal properties. It also disrupts bacterial cell membrane potential and increases permeability and outflow of essential ions. It shows considerable penetration into skin blister fluid, thus accounting for its use in cSSSIs. With predictable and linear pharmacokinetic profile and low level of resistance against it, telavancin is a welcome addition to the clinicians' armoury in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
Keywords
Antimicrobial Resistance, MRSA, Telavancin, Complicated Skin and Skin Structure InfectionsReferences
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