Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Analytical Study of Water Safety Parameters in Ground Water Samples of Uttarakhand in India


Affiliations
1 Deptt. of Pharmacology, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
2 Deptt of Community Medicine, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
3 Catalysis Conversion Process Division, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Background: There is plenty of water available in hills, the main problem of the locality is the drinking water. These water resources are not exploited for drinking and irrigation purposes. Also, certain health problems are associated with people living in hills that are because of the presence of excess of heavy metals and other impurities.

Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to analyze the various parameters of ground water in uttarakhand, India and to check its fitness for drinking. It will also clarify the health hazards imposed on the population of this state.

Design & Setting: The present study was conducted in five regions of Uttarakhand, India (Haridwar, Vikasnagar, Mussoorie, Dehradun & Dakpathar) during 2006-2007. Ten samples of ground water were collected from each of the five regions during the pre-monsoon (Jan-Feb 2007) and post-monsoon (Sept-Oct 2006) seasons.

Materials & Method: The pH was estimated by pH meter and the alkalinity was determined by titration methods. The total suspended solid was calculated by the following formula: Total suspended solid (mg) / ltr = (A-B) x 1000 / sample vol. In litres. Where, A= weight of filter + dried residue, B=weight of filter paper. Total hardness was calculated by adding calcium and magnesium hardness derived by EDTA titration method. The chloride was estimated by silver nitrate titration method and sulphates were estimated by titration method. The different heavy metals (Mn, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe and Pb) were determined in the ground water samples by ICP mass spectroscopy.

Results: The concentrations of heavy metals, pH, alkalinity, sulphate, chloride, TDS & Total Hardness (TH) were compared with the standards set by BIS for Drinking water (IS 10500:1991). The results show that water quality of all the five regions studied showed no remarkable variation from the BIS recommended value of pH (6.5-8.5). The alkalinity was above the BIS desirable level of 200mg/l in all the samples, but was less than the maximum permissible limit. The Drinking water of all the regions contains higher amounts of TDS than the desirable limits. The maximum TDS was detected in Haridwar (682.5 mg/L) and dehradun (610 mg/L) state. The ground water of mussoorie region shows total hardness to be above the BIS desirable level of 300mg/l. The chloride content was above the BIS desirable level of 250mg/l in dehradun only. The sulphate content was highest in haridwar (197.5mg/l) and dehradun (170mg/l) but it was below the desirable limit of 200mg/l. The cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) content of all the five regions of Uttarakhand showed higher the BIS permissible limits of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.05 mg/l respectively. The content of manganese (Mn), barium (Ba), Copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) are within the permissible limit of BIS standards for drinking water.


Keywords

Ground Water, Hydro-Chemical Analysis, ICP Mass Spectroscopy
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Bachmat Y. Ground water contamination and control, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New york. 1994.

  • Singh AK, Rawat DS. Depletion of oak forest a threatening to springs: An exploratory survey. The National Geographical J Env Quality. 1985, 31(11): p. 44-48.

  • Petrus R, Warchol JK.Heavy metal removal by clinoptilolite.An equilibrium study in multicomponent system.Water Research.2005, 39; p.819-830.

  • Mariappan P, Yegnaraman V, Vasudevan T. Occurrence and removal possibilities of fluoride in ground waters of India. Poll Res. 2000, 19(2): p. 165-177.

  • Singh AK. Chemistry of arsenic in ground water of Ganges-Brahmputra river basin. India. Curr Sci. 2006, 91(5): p. 1-7.

  • Malve SP, Dhage SS. Nitrate: An environmental pollutant. Everyman’s Science. 1996, XXXI (5): p. 158-163.

  • WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd edition. Volume 1: recommendations. Geneva: WHO, 1993; Volume 2: Health criteria and other supporting information. Geneva: WHO, 1996.

  • Schroeder HA. Relations between hardness of water and death rates from certain chronic and degenerative diseases in the United States. J Chron disease. 1960, 12: p.586-591.

  • Kelley WP. Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. Proc ASCE. 1940, 66: p. 607.

  • Wilcox LV. The quality water for irrigation use. US Dept Agric Bull. 1962, p. 40

  • Jain CK, Bandhopadhyay A, Bhadra A. Assessment of ground water quality for drinking purpose, District Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. June 2009.

  • Marcovecchio, J.E., S.E. Botte and R.H. Freije, 2007. Heavy Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements. In: Handbook of Water Analysis. L.M. Nollet, (Ed.). 2nd Edn. London: CRC Press, pp: 275-311.

  • Adepoju-Bello, A.A. and O.M. Alabi, 2005. Heavy metals: A review. The Nig. J. Pharm., 37: 41-45.

  • Berman, E., 1980. Toxic Metals and Their Analysis. Philadelphia, PA: Hayden and Sons.

  • Zietz, B.P., J. Lap and R. Suchenwirth, 2007. Assessment and management of tap w ater Lead contamination in Lower Saxon, Germany. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 17(6): 407-418.

  • Needleman, H.L., 1993. The current status of childhood low-level lead toxicity. Neurotoxicology, 14: 161-166.

  • Yule, W. and M. Rutter, 1985. Effect on Children’s Behavior and Cognitive performance: A Critical Review. In: Dietary and Environmental Lead (Pb): Human Health Effects. R. Mahaffey, (Ed.). New York: Elsevier, pp: 211-251.


Abstract Views: 611

PDF Views: 0




  • Analytical Study of Water Safety Parameters in Ground Water Samples of Uttarakhand in India

Abstract Views: 611  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Sandeep Gaur
Deptt. of Pharmacology, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
M C Joshi
Deptt. of Pharmacology, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
H S Jos
Deptt of Community Medicine, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sandeep Saxena
Catalysis Conversion Process Division, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India

Abstract


Background: There is plenty of water available in hills, the main problem of the locality is the drinking water. These water resources are not exploited for drinking and irrigation purposes. Also, certain health problems are associated with people living in hills that are because of the presence of excess of heavy metals and other impurities.

Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to analyze the various parameters of ground water in uttarakhand, India and to check its fitness for drinking. It will also clarify the health hazards imposed on the population of this state.

Design & Setting: The present study was conducted in five regions of Uttarakhand, India (Haridwar, Vikasnagar, Mussoorie, Dehradun & Dakpathar) during 2006-2007. Ten samples of ground water were collected from each of the five regions during the pre-monsoon (Jan-Feb 2007) and post-monsoon (Sept-Oct 2006) seasons.

Materials & Method: The pH was estimated by pH meter and the alkalinity was determined by titration methods. The total suspended solid was calculated by the following formula: Total suspended solid (mg) / ltr = (A-B) x 1000 / sample vol. In litres. Where, A= weight of filter + dried residue, B=weight of filter paper. Total hardness was calculated by adding calcium and magnesium hardness derived by EDTA titration method. The chloride was estimated by silver nitrate titration method and sulphates were estimated by titration method. The different heavy metals (Mn, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe and Pb) were determined in the ground water samples by ICP mass spectroscopy.

Results: The concentrations of heavy metals, pH, alkalinity, sulphate, chloride, TDS & Total Hardness (TH) were compared with the standards set by BIS for Drinking water (IS 10500:1991). The results show that water quality of all the five regions studied showed no remarkable variation from the BIS recommended value of pH (6.5-8.5). The alkalinity was above the BIS desirable level of 200mg/l in all the samples, but was less than the maximum permissible limit. The Drinking water of all the regions contains higher amounts of TDS than the desirable limits. The maximum TDS was detected in Haridwar (682.5 mg/L) and dehradun (610 mg/L) state. The ground water of mussoorie region shows total hardness to be above the BIS desirable level of 300mg/l. The chloride content was above the BIS desirable level of 250mg/l in dehradun only. The sulphate content was highest in haridwar (197.5mg/l) and dehradun (170mg/l) but it was below the desirable limit of 200mg/l. The cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) content of all the five regions of Uttarakhand showed higher the BIS permissible limits of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.05 mg/l respectively. The content of manganese (Mn), barium (Ba), Copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) are within the permissible limit of BIS standards for drinking water.


Keywords


Ground Water, Hydro-Chemical Analysis, ICP Mass Spectroscopy

References