Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing

Anuradha ¹, Raghavendra Huchchannavar ¹, Vinod Chayal ¹, Savita Chahal ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine, Pt.BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Psychiatry, Pt.BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Although menstruation is a natural process, it is linked with several misconceptions and practices, which sometimes result into adverse health outcomes. Learning about menstrual hygiene is a vital aspect of health education for adolescent girls. (i) To find out the status of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. (ii) To explorethe beliefs, dietary habits and perceptions regarding menstruation among the study population. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 adolescent school girls with the help of a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire regarding menstrual hygiene. The mean age of menarche was 12.4 years. Majority of the girls (66.4%) preferred using both sanitary pads and cloth pieces. Only 11.25% girls used sanitary pads during the entire menstruation. Practices of cleanliness were unsatisfactoryamong 43 (39.1%) girls. Eighty four (76.4%) girls had dietary restrictions, 85.5% girls were restricted to visit temples and 62.7% girls were prohibited entry to kitchen during periods. Menstrual hygiene is far from satisfactory among a large proportion of the adolescent girls with rampant ignorance, false perceptions and unsafe practices regarding menstruation. This emphasizes upon the need to encourage safe and hygienic practices among the adolescent girls and bring them out of traditional beliefs, misconceptions and restrictions with the active involvement of medical and paramedical health professionals.

Keywords

Adolescent girl, menstrual hygiene, misconceptions, restrictions

Full Text

     

Vinod Chayal ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Pooja ², Anuradha ³, Mukesh Nagar ⁴, Shweta Goswami ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, IN
2 Medical Officer, Health Department, Haryana, IN
3 Indian Army, IN
4 VMMC and Safadarjang Hospital, New Delhi, IN
5 Department of Community, Medicine KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, IN

Abstract

Influenza Subtype A has caused various pandemics; in 1918-19 Spanish flu [A (H1N1)], Asian Flu [A (H2N2)] 1957-59, Hongkong Flu [A (H3N2)] 1968-69 and "Swme Flu" [A (H1N1)] 2009-10. H1N1 flu virus causes respiratory illness in people, affecting the nose, throat and lungs. Influenza can be transmitted through airborne route by droplets from infected human beings or direct contact or contact with fomites. Agent H1N1 influenza derives Segments from four influenza viruses; North American Swine, North American Avian, Human Influenza and Eurasian Swine. Pigs Infected with Influenza virus from different host of human or bird origin may act as "mixing vessel" which may lead to reassortment of influenza genes and can create a new strain of influenza virus. Subtype A of Influenza virus can Undergo mutation that can take place within the genome (Antigenic drift) / or reassortment among the genetic materials of subtypes (Antigenic Shift) resulting in a new virus. Antigenic analyses of the recent circulating A (H3N2) viruses have shown differences from the A (H3N2) virus used in the influenza vaccines for 20142015. Recently, countries in Northern Africa, Middle East, and India reported an increase in influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 activity The predominant stain in western countries has been seasonal influenza A (H3N2)where as in India the California stam of 2009 is prevailing. It has been reported that the recent 2014-2015 H1N1 A outbreak in India has resulted in >30,000 cases with over 2000 deaths. These recent spurt of cases and deaths which was even higher than the original H1N1 2009 outbreak in India resulted in a widespread debate that this stain H1N1 A 2009 has mutated or not. Improved surveillance and monitoring of the influenza outbreaks need of the hour to both treat as well as prevent spread of the virus. Due to better connectivity world over and high infectious nature of influenza, there is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive and a standardized response to influenza epidemic outbreaks. There is a need of genetic and phenotypic analysts of the virus as and when cases are reported world over and general dissemination of the data is needed to ensure access to this data source in case of any outbreak.

Keywords

Swine Flu, Influenza, Infection.

Full Text