Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing

Arab Naz ¹, Hafeez-ur-Rehman ², Qaiser Khan ³, Ikram Shah ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Sociology/Social Work, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PK
2 Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, PK
3 Department of English, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PK
4 Department of Sociology, University of Karachi, PK

Abstract

Socialization is a life-long process and all individuals are exposed to multitude of factors, situations and events during this process. Majority of socializing agents and agencies have been discussed and scrutinized in the recent past. The existence of peer group, its influence and pressure has also received wide acknowledgement in shaping and molding the course of an individual life. This paper explores the nature and level of peer group influence on students at post-compulsory level regarding their choice of profession, lifestyle and response to overall 'social reality'. The data has been colleted from 120 students of four departments on the basis of stratification and randomization. Besides, questionnaire was adopted as tool of data collection and the data has been analyzed in the form frequency distribution tables showing percentage along with discussion. The study concludes that these choices, although primarily geared by parents and other family members, are transformed and reshaped by peer influence. It further argues that family influence proves momentary and subsides as soon as students enter into higher education institutions. In the context of behavioral modification, peer influence is an asset in healthy societies but it turns into a liability in under developed communities.

Keywords

Influence, Risky Behaviors, Modification, Academics, Learning, Adaptation, Performance, etc.

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Arab Naz ¹, Waseem Khan ¹, Hafeez-ur-Rehman ², Tariq Khan ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Sociology/Social Work University of Malakand, Chakdara District Dir Lower KPK, PK
2 Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PK
3 Department of English, University of Malakand, Chakdara, District Dir Lower KPK, PK

Abstract

Education is one of the basic religious as well as human rights of each and every individual and it is the responsibility of a welfare state to provide equal chances of education to both the genders. Women in the third world countries are compelled to spend the miserable lives where education has the undeniable potential m their socio cultural, political, economic and religious empowerment. Constraints to women's educational empowerment exist m most of the world societies; however, the nature and shape of these constraints differ from culture to culture and society to society. The present study was undertaken on Socio-Rehgious and Political Constraints m Women's Educational Empowerment m a traditional Pakhtoon society of Chakdara Town, District Dir (Lower) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The researchers conducted a survey of female primary and middle schools and selected 50 female teachers randomly from a population of 239 teachers belonging to twenty-seven primary and nine middle schools of the town. The data was collected through questionnaire and has been classified, graphically figured while discussions have been made over the empirical information m the form of percentage. The study shows existence of various constraints m women's educational empowerment, which are mostly the outcome of male dommancy, patriarchy, male control over rehgion and gender-biased political system. The study also highhghts that traditionalism (norms, values, customs and traditions), misinterpretation of rehgion, and Pakhtoon code of life known as Pakhtoonwali are the main hurdles in women's educational empowerment in the area.

Keywords

Empowerment, Constraints, Pakhtoon Code, Purdah, Patriarchy, Misinterpretation.

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