Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Processing Speed and Verbal Fluency as Predictors of Functional Disability among Patients with Schizophrenia


Affiliations
1 Department of Psychology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
2 Department of Psychiatry, Raja Deosham District Hospital Jashpur Nagar, Chhattisgarh, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Cognitive deficits are the common featnre of schizophrenia and affect the whole fhnetioning of patient. The main aim of the present study is to examine the predictive effect of verbal fluency and processing speed on fhnctional disability in schizophrenia. 30 schizophrenia patients were selected as sample of the study. Processing speed was assessed by digit symbol substitution test, verbal fluency assessed by controlled oral word association test; functional disability assessed through WHO disability assessment schedule. Brief psychiatric rating scale was used to measure severity of illness. Hierarchical regression analysis used to find the relationship between functional disability and processing speed and verbal fluency. The result indicated that processing speed (-.683, p<0.01) and verbal fluency (-.559, p<0.01) age (.402, p<0.05) and education (-.502, p<0.01), duration of illness (.612, p<0.01) and severity of illness (.580, p<0.01) significantly predicted functional disability but gender showed no relationship with functional disability. Cognitive dysfunction atfects the functioning of patients with schizophrenia. This paper may help to understand the role of processing speed and verbal fluency in functioning of the patients and also help to develop intervention programs.

Keywords

Cognitive Dysfunction, Processing Speed, Verbal Fluency, Functional Disability, Schizophrenia.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Addington, J., & Addington, D. (1999). Nenrocognitive and social functioning in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25,173-182.

  • Benton, A.L., & Hamsher, K.S. (1989). Multilingual aphasia examination. New York, Oxford University Press.

  • Bowie, C.R., & Harvey, P.D. (2006). Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2,531-536.

  • Dickerson, F., Boronow, J.J., Ringel, N., & Parente, F. (1999) Social functioning and nenrocognitive deficits in outpatients with schizophrenia: A 2-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Research, 37,13-20.

  • Domingo, S.Z., Bobes, J., Portilla, M.P.G., & Morralla, C. (2015). Cognitive performance associated to functional outcomes in stable outpatients with Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 2, 146-158.

  • Eslinger, C.I., & Grattan, L.M. (1993). Frontal lobe and frontal- striatal substrates for different forms of human cognitive flexibility. Neurop^ychologia, 32,729-739.

  • Gold, J.M., Goldberg, R.W., McNary, S.W., Dixon, L.B., & Lehman, A.F. (2002).

  • Cognitive correlates of job tenure among patients with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159,1395-402.

  • Green, M.F., Kern, R.S., Braff, D.L., & Mintz, J. (2000). Nenrocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff^’? SchizophreniaBulletin, 26,119-136.

  • Harvey, P.D., & Strassnig, M. (2012). Predicting the severity of everyday functional disability in people with schizophrenia: cognitive deficits, functional capacity, symptoms, andhealth status. World Psychiatry, 77,73-79.

  • Hedlund, J. L., & Vieweg, B.W. (1980). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS): A comprehensive review .Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 77,48-65.

  • Hofer, A., Baumgartner, S., Bodner, T., Edlinger, M., Hummer, M., Kemmler, G., Rettenbacher, M.A., & Fleischhacker, W.W. (2005). Patient outcomes in schizophrenia II: The impact of cognition. European Psychiatry, 20,395-402.

  • Jang, Y., Chiriboga, D.A., Kim, G., & Rhew, S. (2010). Perceived discrimination in odor'K.OTQa:n.AmQTica:ns. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7,129-135.

  • Javed, A.M. (2000). Gender and schizophrenia. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 45,189-198.

  • Keefe, R.S., & Harvey, P. (2012). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 213,11-37.

  • Krishnadas, R., Moore, B.P., Nayak, A., & Patel, R.R. (2007). Relationship of cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia in remission to disability: A cross-sectional stndy in an lndian sampie. Annals of General Psychiatry, 30, 6-19.

  • Kurtz, M.M., Seltzer, J.C., Ferrand, J.L., & Wexlar, B.E. (2005). Neurocognitive function in schizophrenia at a 10 year follow up: A preliminary investigation. CNS Spectrums, 70,277-280.

  • Lawrence, H., & Sweet (2011). Information processing speed. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology.'Pp. 1317-1318.

  • Makhal, M., Majumder, U.,Dan, A., De, S., &Bera, N.K. (2013). Disability in person with schizophrenia: Its correlation with psychopathology and socio-demographic profUe. Indian Medical Gazette,147(9), 335-344.

  • Milev, P., Beng-Choon Ho, B.C., Arndt, S., & Andreasen (2005). Predictive values of neurocognition and negative symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia: A longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-Up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 762,495-506.

  • Ojeda, N., Pena, J., Sanchez, P., Elizagarate, E., & Ezcurra, J. (2008). Processing speed mediates the relationship between verbal memory, verbal fluency, and functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 101,225-233.

  • Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10,790-812.

  • Rao, S.L., Subbakrishna, D.K., & Gopukumar, K. (2004). NIMHANSNeuropsychology Battery. Banglore National Institute of^Mental Health andNeurosciences, (DeemedUniversity).

  • Rempfer, M.V., Hamera, E.K., Brown, C.E., & Cromwell, R.L. (2003). The relations between cognition and the independent living skill of shopping in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 777,103-12.

  • Revheim, N., Schechter, I., Kim, D., Silipo, G., Allingham, B., Butler, P., & Javitt, D.C. (2006). Neurocognitive and symptom correlates of daily problem-solving skills in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 83,237-245.

  • Sadock, B.J., & Sadock, V.A. (2dd5). Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (8thed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins?

  • Shihabuddeen, T.M., Mehar, H., & Pinto, D.A. (2011). Disability in schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder at general hospital psychiatry unit. Delhi Psychiatry Journal,74(2),258-261.

  • Sanchez, P., Ojeda, N., Pena, J., Elizagarate, E., Yoller, A.B., Gutierrez, M., & Ezcurra, J. (2009). Predictors of longitudinal changes in schizophrenia: The role of processing speed. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,70,888-896.

  • Santosh, S., Dutta, R.D., & Kundu, P.S. (2013). Psychopathology, cognitive function, and social functioning ofpatients with schizophrenia. East Asian Arch Psychiatry, 23,65-70.

  • Saykin, A.J., Shtasel, D.L., Gur, R.E., Kester, D.B., Mozley, L.H., Stafiniak, P., & Gur, R.C. (1994). Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first episodeschizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51,124-131.

  • Shamsi, S., Laua, S., Lencza, T., Burdicka, K.E., DeRossea P., Brennerd, R., Lindenmayere, J.P., & Malhotra, A.K. (2011). Cognitive and symptomatic predictors of functional disability in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 126,257-264.

  • Spreen, O., & Strauss, J. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests, administration, norms, and commentary (2ndEd.)'New York, Oxford University Press.

  • Ustun, T.B., Kostanjsek, N., & Chatterji S. (2010). Measuring Health and disability: Manualfor WHO disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0). Geneva, World Health Organization.

  • Velligan, D.I., Bow-Thomas, C.C., Mahurin, R.K., Miller, A.L., & Halgunseth, L.C. (2000). Do specific neurocognitive deficits predict specific domains of community function in schizophrenia? .Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188,518-524.

  • Vijayalakshmi, D., Harikrishna, N., Sasi, K.P.V.V., & Vijayagopal, M. (2015). A study of evaluation of disability across five psychiatric disorders. .Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14, 01-05.

  • Wechsler,D. (1981). WAIS-Rmanual. New York. The Psychological Corporation.


Abstract Views: 213

PDF Views: 0




  • Processing Speed and Verbal Fluency as Predictors of Functional Disability among Patients with Schizophrenia

Abstract Views: 213  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Anchala Dixit
Department of Psychology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Khan Abraruzzaman Khan
Department of Psychiatry, Raja Deosham District Hospital Jashpur Nagar, Chhattisgarh, India
B. Hasan
Department of Psychology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract


Cognitive deficits are the common featnre of schizophrenia and affect the whole fhnetioning of patient. The main aim of the present study is to examine the predictive effect of verbal fluency and processing speed on fhnctional disability in schizophrenia. 30 schizophrenia patients were selected as sample of the study. Processing speed was assessed by digit symbol substitution test, verbal fluency assessed by controlled oral word association test; functional disability assessed through WHO disability assessment schedule. Brief psychiatric rating scale was used to measure severity of illness. Hierarchical regression analysis used to find the relationship between functional disability and processing speed and verbal fluency. The result indicated that processing speed (-.683, p<0.01) and verbal fluency (-.559, p<0.01) age (.402, p<0.05) and education (-.502, p<0.01), duration of illness (.612, p<0.01) and severity of illness (.580, p<0.01) significantly predicted functional disability but gender showed no relationship with functional disability. Cognitive dysfunction atfects the functioning of patients with schizophrenia. This paper may help to understand the role of processing speed and verbal fluency in functioning of the patients and also help to develop intervention programs.

Keywords


Cognitive Dysfunction, Processing Speed, Verbal Fluency, Functional Disability, Schizophrenia.

References