Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Encoding, Emotional Control and Personality Trait of University Students:A Comparative Study


Affiliations
1 Consultant Clinical Psychologist Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
2 Department ofPsychology, School ofLiberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
3 Axxonet Brain Research Laboratory, Axxonet System Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Encoding strategies are significant in determining individual's emotional control and mapping personality traits. The purpose of the present study is to investing association between encoding strategies, personality and emotional factors. This study documents result of responses trom 50 students trom undergraduate and post graduate program using psychological tests namely Neo Five Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3), Emotional Intelligence Scale, Verbal Encoding Test and Visual Memory Test. Extroversion and introversion. Self-control (SE) and managing emotions (ME), simultaneous or sequential processing style, verbal encoding and verbal memory were measured. Inferences are drawn on student's preferences to attend to external stimulations versus preference to introspect along with preference to simultaneous visual processing or sequential visual processing. The presence of self-control of emotional responses is an important factor that controls the occurrences of several responses, which possibly will contribute to understanding of conflicts and personality problems. Absence or reduction in sequential processing of signals in verbal and visual modes could weaken rational processing abilities and strengthen holistic processing of relevant and irrelevant issues, which could again pose decision making difficulties. Development of emotional control must occur during the developmental stages and social conditioning plays very important role in deciding the development of such self-control. Present research work can facilitate ground across several domains for further investigations and tries to highlight that there is an acute need to address these problems from neuroscience and social psychology point of view, especially when developments of such controls are minimally present within the social network.

Keywords

Encoding, Extroversion, Introversion, Self-Control, Visual and Auditory Memory.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Beaumont, J. G., Young, A. W., & McManus, I. C. (1984). Hemisphericity: A critical review. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 7(2), 191-212. DOY: 10.1080/026432984082 52022

  • Bradshaw, J., & Nettleton, N. (1981). The nature of hemispheric specialization in man. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 51-91. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/College-Student-Joumal/77399626.html

  • Burman, J. T., Green, C. D., & Shanker, S. (2015). On the meanings of self-regulation: Digital humanities in service of conceptual clarity. Child Development, 86(5), 15071521. PMID 26234744. doi:10.1111/cdev.l2395. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation

  • Brain Lateralization (2017). Retrieved February 19, 2017 from http://www.theorderoftime.com/politics/cemetery/stout/h/brain-la.htm

  • Encoding (n.d.). In Alleydog.com's online glossary. Retrieved February 10,2017 from: https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition-cit.php?term=Encoding

  • Blutner,R. (2010). Two qubitsfor C.G. .Jung's theory of personality. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3dc0/c5362cd03520824aa7730d4271daa9f76e8d.pdf

  • Charman, D. K. (1979). Do different personalities have different hemispheric asymmetries? A brief communique of an initial experiment. Cortex, 15, 655-657. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Differences +Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Cleverism (2017). Emotion Management. Retrieved February 9, 2027 from https://www.cleverism.com/skills-and-tools/emotion-management/

  • Cole, P.M., Michel, M. K., &Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 73-100. Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved February 6, 2017 from http://www.livebinders.com/play/play?tab_layout=top&id=1403480

  • Coleman, A. (2008). A dictionary of psychology (3th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199534067. Retrieved February 8, 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emotional_intelligence

  • Coleman, S., & Zenhausem, R. (1979). Processing speed, laterality patterns, and memory coding as a function of hemispheric dominance, bulletin ofthe Psychonomic Society, 14(5), 357-360. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from http://docslide.net/ documents/processing-speed-laterality-patterns-and-memory-encoding-as-a- function-of.html

  • Craik,F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels ofprocessing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 11, 671-684. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_I._M._Craik, https://www.simplypsychology.org/levelsofprocessing.html and https://explorable. com/levels-of-processing

  • Craik, F.I.M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth ofprocessing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from KEY STUDY - Craik & Lockhart (1975) - LOP Theory andResearch.

  • DeLisi, M. (2014). Chapter 10: Low self-control is a brain-based disorder. SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483349114.nll. Retrieved February 9,2017 ffomhttps://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Self-control#cite_note-3

  • Das, J.P., Kirby, J.R., & Jarman, R.F. (1979). Simultaneous and successive cognitive processes. New York, NY: Academic Press. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://docslide.net/documents/das-j-p-kirby-j-r-jarman-r-f-simultaneous-and- successive-cognitive.html&https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218 775/

  • Dimond, S. J. (1972). The Double Brain. London: Whitefriars Press. Retrieved February 10, 2017 fromhttps://www.thefreelibrary.com/Differences+Among+ Cognitive-Processing+ Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. PMC 4084861. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Self-control#cite_note-3&http://www.like2do.com/leam?s=Inhibitory_control

  • Fumham, A. (1992). Personality and learning style: A study of three instruments. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(A), 429-438. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c577/f9803f6b3bll73d4dc2bcl0182b7a17e7817.pdf

  • Gadzella, B.M. (1999). Differences among cognitive-processing styles groups on personality traits. Vol. 26. George Uhlig Publisher, USA. . Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Differences +Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Gadzella, B. M., & Kneipp, L. B. (1990). Differences in comprehension processes as a function of hemisphericity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 783-786. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Differences +Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Geisler-Brenstein, E., Schmeck, R. R., & Hetherington, J. (1996). An individual difference perspective on student diversity. Higher Education, 31, 73-96. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c577/f9803f6b3b1173d4dc2bcl0182b7al7e7817.pdf

  • laccino, J. F. (1993). Left brain-right brain differences: Inquiries, evidence, and new approaches. Hillsdale, NJ.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Retrieved February 10,2017 ffomhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/College-Student-Journal/77399626.html

  • Ilieva, I.P., Hook, C.J., Farah, M.J. (2015). Prescription stimulants' effects on healthy inhibitory control, working memory, and episodic memory: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 1-21. PMID 25591060. DOI:10.1162/jocn_ a_00776. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from http://www.like2do.com/leam? s=Inhibitory_control

  • Institute of Health & Human Potential (2017). What is Emotional Intelligence? Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://www.ihhp.com/meaning-of-emotional- intelligence

  • Jung, C. G. (1921). Psychologische Typen, Rascher Verlag, 'Zurich translation H.G. Baynes, 1923. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraversionandintroversion;

  • Komarraju, M., Karau, S. J., Schmeck, R. R., & Avdic, A. (2011). The big five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, All-All. Retrieved February 10,2017 fromhttps://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/c577/f9803f6b3bl173d4dc2bcl0182b7al7e7817.pdf

  • Lebowitz, S. (2016). The 'Big 5' personality traits could predict who will and won't become a leader. Business Insider. Retrieved from http/businessinsider.com/big- five-personality-traits-predict-leadership-2016-12. Retrieved February 10, 2017 formhttps://positivepsychologyprogram.com/big-five-personality-theory/

  • Lecerf, T., & de Ribaupierre, A. (2005). Recognition in a visuospatial memory task: The effect of presentation. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 17, 47-75. RetrievedFebruary 10,2017 fromhttps://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:1592

  • Lebowitz, S. (2016a). The 'Big 5' personality traits could predict -who -will and -won't become a leader. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/big-five-personality-traits-predict-leadership-2016-1

  • Luria, A. R. (1966). Human brain and psychological processes. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Retrieved February 6, 2017 from file:///C:/Users/Shilpa%20Jasubhai/Downloads/2409-7541-2-PB.pdf

  • Luria, A. R. (1971). The origin and cerebral organization of man's conscious action. Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Psychology, 19, 37-52. Retrieved February 9, 2017, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Kirby7/publication/232447495_Simultaneous_and_successive_synthesis_An_altemative_model_for_cognitive_abilities/links/00b7d5347fB7b6b738000000.pdf?origin=publication_detail

  • Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211. Retrieved February 8, 2017 fromhttp://psychtastic.com /2015/02/emotional-intelligence-salovey-mayer/

  • Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits? American Psychologist, 63(6), 503 - 517. Retrieved February 111, 2017 from http://www.theeiinstitute.com/what-is-emotional-intelligence/4-mayer-and-salovey-model-of-emotional-intelligence.html

  • Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey and D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books. Retrieved February 8, 2017 from http://psychtastic.eom/2015/02/emotional-intelligence-salovey-mayer/

  • McCarthy, B. (1996). The 4mat system research: Reviews of the literature on the differences and hemispheric specialization and their influence on learning. Barrington, IL: Excel, Inc. Retrieved February 10, 2017 ffomhttp://www.ffeepatentsonline.com/article/College-Student-Joumal/77399626 .html

  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P.T.Jr. (2004). Neo_five-factor inventories, professional manual. Florida: PAR

  • Melton, A. W. (1963). Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 121. Retrieved 7february, 2017 from http://nobaproject.com/modules/memory-encoding-storage-retrieval

  • Mukundan, C. R. {2000). Emotional Intelligence Scale. Unpublished Manuscript.

  • Mukundan, C. R., Murthy, V. N., &Hemlata, M. (1919). Battery of tests of learning and memory function for assessing temporal lobe involvement. Paper presented in the joint conference of Indian Society of /neurology. Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology, and Psychiatric Social Work Societies of India, at national Institute of Mental Health andNeurosciences, Bangalore.

  • Mukundan, C. R. (2015). Brian at work- Neuroexperiential Perspective. Atlantic publishers and distributors Pvt. Ltd. New delhi, page. 174.

  • Nestor, P. G., & Safer, M. A. (1990). A multi-method investigation of individual differences in hemisphericity. Cortex, 26, 409-421. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://www.theffeelibrary.com/Differences+Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Naglieri, J.A., & Das, J.P. (1997). Cognitive assessment system. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing Company. Retrieved February 6, 2017 from http://www.iapsych.com/wj3ewok/LinkedDocuments/joseph2003.pdf

  • Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2009). A classification of controlled interpersonal affect regulation strategies. Emotion, 9, 498-509. doi:10.1037/a 0015962. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation

  • Oxford, R.L. (1996). Gender differences in language learning styles: What do they mean? In Joy M. Reid, Learning styles in the ESL/EFL classroom. Boston, Mass: Heinle&Heinle Publishers. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://www. ffeepatentsonline.com/article/CollegeStudentJoumal/77399626.html

  • Oxford, R., Ehrman, M., & Lavine, M. (1991). Style wars: Teacher-student style conflicts in the language classroom. In S. S. Magnon (Ed.), Challenges in the 1990s for collegeforeign language programs (pp. 1-25). Boston: Heinle&Heinle. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/CollegeStudent Joumal/77399626.html

  • Philosophy (2009, October 9). Ethics, .Jong's Psychological Types. Retrieved February 9,2017 ffomhttp://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/jung.html

  • Positive Psychology Program (2017, June 23). The bigfive personality theory: The 5 factor model explained (+PDF). Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/big-five-personality-theory

  • Pask, G. (1972). A fresh look at cognition and the individual. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 4, 211-216. Retrieved February 11, 2017 from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144341042000228834

  • Pask, G., & Scott, B.C.E. (1972). Learning strategies and individual competence. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 4, 217-253. Retrieved February 11, 2017ffomhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144341042000228834

  • Skills You Need (2017). Personal Skills. Self-Regulation-Self-Management. Retrieved February 10,2017 fromhttps://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/self-management.html

  • Springer Link (2011). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Pp 2261-2262. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1491. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from https://link.springer.eom/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-0-387-79948- 31491

  • Sperry, R. W. (1964). The great cerebral commissure. Scientific American, 270(1), 4252. RetrievedFebruary 10, 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Differences +Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758.

  • Springer, S.P., & Deutsch, G. (1993). Left brain, right brain. New York, N.Y.:W.H. Freeman & Company. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/College-Student-Joumal/77399626.html

  • Springer, S. P., & Deutsch, G. (1985). Left brain, right brain. New York: Freeman. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Differences+Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Semantic Encoding (n.d.). In Alleydog.com's online glossary. Retrieved from: https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition-cit.php?term=Semantic Encoding

  • The Human Memory (2010). Memory Encoding. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://www.human-memory.net/processes_encoding.html

  • Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 25-52. doi:10.1111/j.l540-5834.1994.tb01276.x. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation

  • Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). The relationship between self-control deficits and hoarding: A multi method investigation across three samples. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 722(1), 13-25. D01:10.1037/a0029760. RetrievedFebruary 9,2017 ffom https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Self-control#cite_note-3

  • Torrance, E.P. (1988). Style of learning and thinking administrator's manual. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/College-Student-Joumal/77399626.html

  • Verywell {H)l).E:xtro'version in personality. RetrievedFebruary 10,2017 from https://www.verywell.com/what-is-extroversion-2795994

  • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2017). Emotional self-regulation. Retrieved February 10,2017 ffomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2017). Semantic processing. Retrieved February 9, 2017 fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_processing

  • Zenhausem, R. (1978). Imagery, cerebral dominance, and style of thinking: A unified fQ6. Bulleti-n of the Psychonomic Society, 12, 381-384. RetrievedFebruary 10,2017 from https://www.theffeelibrary.com/Differences+Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Zenhausem, R., & Gebhardt, M. (1979). Hemispheric dominance in recall and recognition, bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 14, 71-73. RetrievedFebruary 10, 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Differences+Among+Cognitive-Processing+Styles+Groups+on+Personality...-a062980758

  • Zhang, L. (2003). Does the big five predict learning approaches? Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1431-1446. Retrieved February 10, 2017 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c577/f9803f6b3bll73d4dc2bcl0182b7al7e7817.pdf

  • http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/extraversion-or-introversion.htm

  • http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/c-g-jungs-theory.htm?bhcp=l


Abstract Views: 538

PDF Views: 0




  • Encoding, Emotional Control and Personality Trait of University Students:A Comparative Study

Abstract Views: 538  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Shilpa Jasubhai
Consultant Clinical Psychologist Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Ritu Sharma
Department ofPsychology, School ofLiberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
C. R. Mukundan
Axxonet Brain Research Laboratory, Axxonet System Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract


Encoding strategies are significant in determining individual's emotional control and mapping personality traits. The purpose of the present study is to investing association between encoding strategies, personality and emotional factors. This study documents result of responses trom 50 students trom undergraduate and post graduate program using psychological tests namely Neo Five Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3), Emotional Intelligence Scale, Verbal Encoding Test and Visual Memory Test. Extroversion and introversion. Self-control (SE) and managing emotions (ME), simultaneous or sequential processing style, verbal encoding and verbal memory were measured. Inferences are drawn on student's preferences to attend to external stimulations versus preference to introspect along with preference to simultaneous visual processing or sequential visual processing. The presence of self-control of emotional responses is an important factor that controls the occurrences of several responses, which possibly will contribute to understanding of conflicts and personality problems. Absence or reduction in sequential processing of signals in verbal and visual modes could weaken rational processing abilities and strengthen holistic processing of relevant and irrelevant issues, which could again pose decision making difficulties. Development of emotional control must occur during the developmental stages and social conditioning plays very important role in deciding the development of such self-control. Present research work can facilitate ground across several domains for further investigations and tries to highlight that there is an acute need to address these problems from neuroscience and social psychology point of view, especially when developments of such controls are minimally present within the social network.

Keywords


Encoding, Extroversion, Introversion, Self-Control, Visual and Auditory Memory.

References