International Journal of Contemporary Medicine

Abhishek Acharya ¹, Susheela Halemani ², C M Siddalingappa ³, V Ravikumar ⁴, C G Gokul ⁵, L J Kiran ⁶

Affiliations
1 Dept of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
2 Dept of Pharmacology, JJMMC, Davangere, IN
3 Professor and Head, Dept of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
4 Dept of Anatomy, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
5 AstraZeneca Pharma India Limited, Bangalore, IN
6 Dept of Pharmacology, JJMMC, Davangere

Abstract

The 5-HT3 receptors are ligand gated ion channels which mediate the release of number of neurotransmitters. Anxiolytic activity of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist has been shown in animals. Greenshaw suggested the possible involvement of 5-HT3 receptors in depression. Redrobe and Bourir reported the partial role of 5-HT3 and its receptors in the activity of antidepressants in forced swimming test in mice. The study was done to evaluate the antidepressant potential of ondansetron and compare it with desipramine. The study included male swiss albino mice which were divided into five treatment groups and injected with Normal Saline 5ml/kg (control), desipramine 30mg/kg (standard), ondansetron 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg (test drugs) intraperitoneally. Each group contained 6 animals. Duration of immobility was observed for 6 minutes in tail suspension test and for 4 minutes in forced swimming test on same set of animals after giving a sufficient wash out period of 4 weeks. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's test. Ondansetron at the above doses significantly reduced the immobility time in both the tests compared to control (p < 0.001). The reduction in duration of immobility was comparable to desipramine. The study showed that ondansetron has significant antidepressant activity in acute models of depression.

Keywords

ANOVA, Ondansetron, Post Hoc Tukey's Test, 5-HT3, Desipramine.

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V Ravikumar ¹, A M Siri ¹, H Sadashivana Gowd ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C. Shimoga, IN

Abstract

The vertebral coloumn in humans is made up of 31 vertebrae which act as a stalk to hold the weight of the indivisual in erect posture. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are common congenital anomalies of the human spine. In LSTV, either the fifth lumbar vertebra may show assimilation to the sacrum (sacralisation), or the first sacral vertebra may show transition to a lumbar con- figuration (lumbarisation). Although the condition has an incidence of over 12% in the general population, knowledge about the exact clinical implications is still lacking. The present study was done on dry sacrum in the department of Anatomy S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga where the sacralisation was seen in 5 out of 115 sacrum studied in this region. This finding can shed some light in evaluating the causes of low back pain in patients and also may come in the way of counting the vertebrae in spine surgeries in which case the 5th lumbar vertebra can be mistakenly counted as first piece of sacrum. The occurrence of sacralisation in general population is 3.6 -- 18% and in many cases it is one of the reasons for low back pain. The knowledge of such type of variation is important for anatomists, orthopaedicians and neurosurgeons operating in this region.

Keywords

Sacralisation, Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae, Low Back Pain.

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A M Siri ¹, V Ravikumar ¹, H Sadashivana Gowd ¹, Abhishek ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Great saphenous vein is one of the longest vein in the body. As other venous channels this is also known to have different types of variation in its course and numbers. During the routine cadaveric dissection of undergraduate students in S.I.M.S. &R.C. Shimoga we found that the great saphenous vein was duplicated on the right side along with the presence of accessory tributaries joining it at various levels. In our case great saphenous vein was duplicated from its origin near medial malleolus and continued till the knee joint where it was joined by a tributary and later in the lower one third of the thigh it branched like a mesh and formed three trunks which ascended in the thigh and in the upper one third of the thigh two trunks joined to form anterior accessory saphenous vein and great saphenous vein proper which received the terminal tributaries later emptied into the femoral vein by piercing the cribriform fascia. The duplication of the great saphenous vein can explain the recurrent incompetence of the great saphenous vein. Also presence of such accessory trunks can be used for vascular grafting in cases of ischaemia and arterial blocks. The knowledge of such type of variation is important for surgeons, orthopaedicians and interventional radiologists who operate in this region.

Keywords

Great Saphenous Vein, Anterior Accessory Saphenous Vein, Varicose Vein.

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A M Siri ¹, V Ravikumar ¹, H Sadashivana Gowd ¹, Abhishek Acharya ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Axillary artery is the principal artery of the upper limb. It is also the axis artery of the upper limb. The present case was found in a male cadaver aged around 70years. During the routine cadaveric dissection of undergraduate students in J.J.M.M.C Davangere we found that 3rd part of axillary artery divided into a larger superficial brachial artery and a narrower deep brachial artery. The superficial brachial artery did not give any branches in the arm and divided into radial and ulnar arteries at the neck of the radius. Whereas the deep brachial artery gave rise to subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and profunda brachial artery. The knowledge of such type of variation is important for surgeons, orthopedicians and interventional radiologists who operate in this region.

Keywords

Axillary Artery, Superficial Brachial Artery, Deep Brachial Artery.

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