Informatics Publishing Limited

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Cluster based web server has become a critical issue in various concert. Since user-level communication is an effective technique to reduce the intra-cluster communication overhead, cluster-based Web server design utilizing user-level communication mechanisms has been a popular research focus in recent times. In this context, the overall objective of this research is to explore several design issues in order to enhance the performance of cluster-based network servers based on user-level communication mechanisms. Due to their complexity, the performance of cluster-based Web servers is dependent on various design choices and demands imposed on the systems. Therefore, we investigate several design issues with different system environments as explained below. First, we propose a coscheduled server model, which coschedules the communication processes of a request. Its main objective is to minimize the response time of requests that need intra-cluster communication. It has two familiar techniques called Dynamic Coscheduling and DCS with immediate blocking. Secondly, SSL is providing the cluster-based application servers and it proposes a SSL with BF. Hence, improving the concert of SSL-enabled application servers is serious for designing scalable and high concert data center. Finally, it proposes a NIC data caching scheme, and it improves the distributed Web server’s performance. Although NIC memory is traditionally used for communication, it can be used for improving performance as well because modern NICs are equipped with much larger amounts of memory.

To investigate these techniques, it develops a widespread recreation testbed that captures the underlying communication layer in a cluster, the coscheduling algorithms, and the characteristics of a distributed Web server model. Extensive experiments of three proposed schemes using this testbed show that performance of cluster-based Web servers can significantly increase by employing these techniques.

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Data are values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items. In recent years, advances in hardware technology have lead to an increase in the capability to store and record personal data about consumers and individuals. This has lead to concerns that the personal data may be misused for a variety of purposes. Data explains a business transaction, a medical record, bank details, educational details etc., Use of technology for data collection and analysis has seen an unprecedented growth in the last couple of decades. Such information includes private details, which the owner doesn’t want to disclose. Such data are the sources for data mining. Data mining gives us “facts” that are not obvious to human analysts of the data. When such sensitive data are given directly for mining, the security of the individual is highly affected. So the data are modified and presented for data mining. But the problem is that the altered data should also produce a similar mining result. This has lead an area called privacy preservation in datamining which is an intersection of data mining and information security. The fact in this area is the additional task which is used to implement the privacy degrades the performance of the data mining algorithm, which results in incorrect mining results. This crucial situation has led to the development of this paper which deals with the data metrics that  determines the quality of the following existing privacy preserving algorithms viz., Correlation- aware Anonymization of High-dimensional Data (CAHD) [1], Privacy-Preserving Outlier Detection Through Random Nonlinear Data Distortion (PRND) [2], Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation(PPDA) [3], Privacy-Preserving Incremental Data sets( PRID) [4] which defines various methods for implementing privacy in incremental data. Major metrics like data utility, privacy and computational time are considered for evaluation and their detailed performance is discussed.

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Improving on the results of Montgomery [3] and Huxley [1], Ramachandra proved (see Lemma 4 of [5]) the following large value theorem:

THEOREM 1. Let a_n = a_n(N) (n = N+1, . . . , 2N) be complex numbers subject to the condition max |a_n| = O(N^ε) for every ε > 0. Suppose that n N does not exceed a fixed power of T to be defined. Let V be a positive number such that V+1/v= O(T^ε)for every ε > 0. Let S_r (r = 1, 2, ...,R; R≥2) be a set of distinct complex numbers S_r = σ_r + it_r and let min σ_r = σ, 3/4 ≤ σ ≤ 1,

max t_r - min t_r + 20 = T, min |t_r - t_r|≥(log T)².

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Background/Objectives:Seahorse species are being used in aquarium keeping and it is particularly used as ingredients in traditional medicine, particularly in Southeast Asia as Traditional Chinese Medicine. The decline of these species is great concern in the light of global exploitation of seahorses. The maturation definition must be established to know the species distribution and effective conservation measures can be applied to target organisms.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The collection was made from Cuddalore coast on monthly basis over the period of one year (October 2000 to September 2001). The samples after collection were preserved in 5% formalin and later dissected along latero-ventral side near the abdominal region and the gonads were removed carefully. Ovaries were preserved in modified Gilson’s fluid and ova diameter measurements were made from ovaries of various maturity stages.

Findings: Specimens with different maturity stages of gonads (testes and ovaries) were recorded during different months in Hippocampus kelloggi. The percentage of occurrence of maturity stages of gonads during different months is illustrated. The ova diameter distribution of six different maturity stages in Hippocampus kelloggi is presented. Stage I - V was composed egg diameter of 1.06 – 1.35 mm, 1.36 – 1.65 mm, 1.66 – 1.85 mm, 1.86 - 2.05 mm and 2.06 - 2.45 mm respectively. In stage VI (spent recovering) only a few ova were observed.

Application/Improvements: The reproductive maturation evidences for the most robust approach to determine quantity of seahorses.

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Objective: To investigate lead nitrate toxicity with emphasis on the histopathological effects of fish Labeorohita.

Methods: The fishes were exposed to 31, 31.5, 32, 32.5 and 33ppm of lead nitrate (LN) solution at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of intervals. The lethal conc. (LC₅₀) value of lead nitrate was 33ppm for 96 h of exposure. Fishes were exposed to control and sub lethal conc. of lead nitrate (3.3ppm) over a period of 96 h.

Findings: Histopathology of fish organs, after 96 Hof LN exposure revealed the cell proliferation, lamellar fusion, lamellar cell hyperplasia, and epithelial lifting. The vacuolation of hepatocytes and necrosis were observed in liver. The changes of the tissue cells were predominantly showed in 96hr.

Application/Improvements: LN is highly toxic to Labeorohita therefore its high conc. of LN in areas close to aquatic bodies should not be encouraged. Fishes from such water bodies is not suitable for human consumption because of the possibility of toxic material present in the fish. Fishes as well as water due to such pollution are toxic to human beings.

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Background/Objectives: Seahorses might render them vulnerable to overfishing or other disruptions such as habitat damage. Different species of Hippocampus are harvested on a large-scale, and traded by at least 50 na-tions in high volumes and various product forms. The unsustainable exploitation has focused attention on the large gaps in our knowledge of wild seahorse biology and ecology. Hippocampus kelloggi is one the most widely held species in public aquaria and also used for traditional medicines.

Methods/Statistical analysis: Seahorse H. kelloggi samples were collected from Cuddalore coast during Oct. 2000 – Sept. 2001 for gut content analysis. The point’s method and percentage occurrence method have been adopted. The gut contents were estimated based on the frequency of occurrence of different food materials following the point’s method. The guts were considered ‘full’ when the gut was packed with food with thick wall and intact, ‘3/4 full’ when it was partly full ‘½ full’, ‘¼ full’, ‘trace’ and ‘empty’ according to the relative condition of the gut as indicated above.

Findings: The diet of H. kelloggi mainly considered of Acetes sp., copepods, mysids, tanaids, megalopa larvae, amphipods, shrimp larvae, polycheates , nematodes etc. Acetes sp. was dominant food item for adult and it was contributed 48.6 to 64.1% during different months. The other food items of amphipods (5.0 to 9.5%), tanaeids (2.4 to 9.1%), copepods (.33 to 0.7%), lucifer (2.8 to 10.0%), mysids (2.3 to 2.5%), shrimps (larvae and juveniles) (3.7 to 9.0%), polychaetes (5.3 to 12.5%), nematodes (1.2 to 6.3%) and the fish larvae (3.0 to 3.3%) were recorded. Copepods were the major food items in juveniles which contributed 15.4 to 29.8% for the whole year. The other food items were amphipods (11.3 to 18.5%), mysids (8.5 to 16.9%), tanaeids (6.4 to 17.4%), megalopa larvae (4.4 to 9.4%), Acetes sp. (4.3 to 16.6%), lucifer (2.2 to 8.5%), shrimps (larvae and juveniles) (2.5 to 4.3%), polychaetes (2.5 to 12.2%), and nematodes (4.4 to 16.0%). Active feeding was showed after spawning season in adult.

Application/Improvements: Through this work may hope to increase our understanding of seahorse feeding ecology, and to stimulate the development of sampling approaches that can help to balance the need to use specimens in research and the conservation needs.

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Objective/Backgrounds: The analysis of selected macronutrients such as NPK and OC content in the natural compost (WU) and vermicompost (WW) produced from sublethal concentrations of endosulfan mixed cow dung by the action of Indian earthworm Lampitomauritii (Kinberg).

Methods/Statistical analysis: Biomass, OC, N, P and N level was observed in endosulfan mixed vermicompost and natural compost at the end of 90^th day.

Findings: The biomass of L. mauritii, OC, N, P and K was decreased in endosulfan treated experiments than control.

Application/Improvements: To reduce the application of pesticides in the agricultural field due to affecting the non target farmer’s friend organism like earthworms.

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Background/Objectives: Shrimp farming has been made an impressive growth in many developing countries especially in Asian countries. This activity is paved way to prominent economic growth and social importance.

Methods/Statistical analysis: The present study was undertaken for shrimp culture during August 2015 – November 2015 from fresh water aquaculture farm. Water samples were collected from culture ponds during the study period to analyze various physico-chemical parameters. The L.vannameiseeds (post larval stage 14) that had been acclimatized to the oppt salinity and it were confirmed disease free, transport with maintained optimum condition and reached to the ponds. The seeds were properly stocked in the culture ponds.

Findings: The water temperature values varied from 24°C and 28°C.Ranges of salinity 0.5 - 2.5 ppt were recorded. DO (dissolved oxygen) values varied from 4 and 7.1ml/l. The maximum pH values of 8.0 was recorded during the month of November 2015 and minimum of 7.3 was observed during August 2015. The maximum of feed provision 3.635tn was recorded in P3 (pond 3) and minimum of 3.145 was recorded at P1 (pond 1). The maximum ABW 25.3g was recorded in P3 and minimum of 24.5 was recorded at P1. The maximum biomass 2.340tn was recorded in P3 and minimum of 2.058tn was recorded at P2.

Application/Improvements: Shrimp culture has been increasing recent years in Indian Subcontinent. Liberalization of economy, high profitability and good international market are the factors, this has been given new impetus for shrimp culture boom in India. Hence, the present has been carried out the culture activity of L. vannamei in fresh water environment. This will be motivated and enhanced the culture practices.

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Background/Objectives: To study the seasonal changes influencing the various abiotic factors in estuaries and shallow coastal waters.

Methods/Statistical analysis: Water sample was collected from Uppanar estuary for a period of one year to analyze various physico-chemical parameters during the study period.

Findings: the present work was carried out on physic-chemical characteristics of water in Uppanar estuary, southeast coast of India during the study period. The findings of physical parameters are: water temperature values ranged from 24.0 to 32.0°C, salinity values of 15 ppt - 36.5ppt, pH values ranged from 8.3 – 7.4, turbidity range 1 to 2000 NTU, TSS (total suspended solid) from 1108mg/l - 1040 mg/l, and DO (dissolved oxygen) range 3.7 to 5.2 ml/l. Chemical parameters of water: NO₂ ranged from 0.239 to 3.745 μM/l, NO₃ values varied from 3.86 to 12.54 μM/l, TN (total nitrogen), ranged from 9.32 to 28.19 μM/l, IP (inorganic phosphate) values varied from 0.110 to 0.89 μM/l, TP concentration ranged from 1.19 to 32.62 μM/l.

Application/Improvements: The physical and chemical properties of water immensely influence the uses of a water body for the distribution and richness of biota and also influence both vertical and horizontal migration of aquatic organisms.

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Background/Objectives: Seahorses are found worldwide in shallow coastal tropical and temperate seas. It is commercially used as medicinal purposes and they are increasing the demand 20 % per year. The low fecundity and structural patterns are leads to limited production of seahorses. The reproductive approach of seahorses, the female deposit their eggs into the male brood pouch where fertilization takes place.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The samples after collection were preserved in 5% formalin and later dissected the brood pouches with ventral side near the base of the abdominal and middle region of tail were carefully opened and were collected the young ones.

Findings: BPSI is increased corresponding to the development of embryos and decreased after the release of the young ones. The young ones ranged from 650 to 5750 in the size range 160 -299 mm (SL). Hippocampus kelloggi was found to accommodate an average of 2696 young ones in its brood pouch.

Application/Improvements: In 1995, it was conservatively estimated that as many as 20 million seahorses were caught for their use in Traditional Medicine (TM) and this trade is thought to be unsustainable. Besides, anthropogenic, industrial, domestic and other disturbances to the habitat caused severe damage to seahorse population. The decline of these species is great concern in the light of global exploitation of seahorses. The brood size aspect must be showed to know the production and survival of the seahorses. This is lead to avoid over exploitation of seahorses. Hence, the present study has been carried out the brood size of seahorse H. kelloggi.

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Background/Objectives: Commercial demands for seahorses, mainly for medical purposes, are increasing by 20% per year. Seahorses are found worldwide in shallow coastal tropical and temperate seas. The reproductive behaviour of seahorses, found the females to deposit pear-shaped eggs in the male brood pouch where fertilization takes place. The dwarf seahorse, H. zosterae to form monogamous pair every morning until copulation takes place.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The collection was made from Cuddalore coast on monthly basis over the period of one year (October 2000 to September 2001). The samples after collection were preserved in 5% formalin and later dissected along latero-ventral side near the abdominal region and the gonads were removed carefully. Ovaries were preserved in modified Gilson’s fluid and ova diameter measurements were made from ovaries. For fecundity estimation, only stage V ovary was taken into consideration. Fecundity was estimated by the gravimetric method of various maturity stages.

Findings: The fecundity of the seahorse was calculated in the animals having stage V (mature) ovary only. The number of eggs varied from 850 to 18,950 in the size range 156 - 296 mm (SL). The average fecundity of H. kelloggi observed in the present study was 6638.2 eggs.

Application/Improvements: It is particularly used as ingredients in traditional medicine, particularly in Southeast Asia where Traditional Chinese Medicine. The decline of these species is great concern in the light of global exploitation of seahorses. The fecundity aspect must be established to know the production and survival of the seahorse species and with effective conservation measures can be applied to target organisms. Hence, the present study has been carried out the fecundity of seahorse H. kelloggi.

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Background/Objectives: Near shore or coastal water bodies are important sources of marine environment. Water is inevitable properties for the living being. Water quality assessment is important in understanding biological phenomena of coastal zone.

Methods/Statistical analysis: Water and sediment samples were collected from Nagapattinam coastal water at monthly interval from July’ 2016 – June' 2017 to analyze various physico-chemical parameters in water and sediments.

Findings: The water temperature values ranged from 22°C to 32&#176C. Salinity ranged from 28ppt to 35ppt. The pH values ranged from 7.6 – 8.2. DO values varied from 4.1 ml L^-1 to 5.2ml L^-1. The water nutrient concentrations observed as: NO₂:0.96 – 4.509 μg L^-1, NO₃:0.603 μg L^-1 to 2.498 μg L^-1, TN: 6.004 – 14.52 μg L^-1, IP: 0.398 – 1.0198 μg L^-1 and TP: 0.516 – 2.127 μg L^-1 were recorded respectively. The nutrient concentration observed in sediment ranged from TN, 5.408 μg L^-1 – 13.918 μg L^-1, TP, 7.54 μg L^-1 – 16.872 μg L^-1 TOC, 6.68 μg L^-1 – 13.882 μg L^-1 respectively.

Application/Improvements: Physico-chemical variations of water are accountable for the aquatic organisms. Which is interactive with physical, chemical and biological processes of the coastal ecosystem for sustain life. The nutrients provide the potential fertility for water masses and it is necessary to collect the data for their distribution. Hence, the present work has been carried out the physico-chemical characteristics of Nagapattinam coastal waters in Tamil Nadu, India.

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Background/Objectives: Nematodes are considered as most dominant meiofaunal group in marine benthic habitats. They are an account on 70–90% in marine sediments, where they play fundamental ecological roles. Nematodes are particularly sensitive to changes in environmental parameters and thus useful in assessing the environmental disturbances.

Methods/Statistical analysis: Sediment were collected from Karaikkal coastal waters for a period of one year from July’ 2016 – June 2017 to collect the nematodes.

Findings: the present study was carried out the distribution and diversity of nematodes in Karaikkal coastal waters during July 2016 – June 2017. The total numbers of 31 nematodes species were recorded during the study period. All the species were recorded in summer and minimum of 16 species were found at monsoon. Among them, 7 species of nematodes were (Daptonema conicum, D. hirsutum, D. angulatum, Theristus sp. T. agillis, Vicosia sp. and Vicosia viscosia) dominated in all seasons.

Application/Improvements: They are involved in energy transfer through the ecosystem and are important link between primary producers and higher tropic levels in benthic systems. Even its contributions are very high in the aquatic environment and it is very limited works are available on distribution of marine nematode in Indian sub-continents.

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Background/Objectives: Coastal waters are involving the dynamic process of marine environment. The physico-chemical parameters of water and sediment provide base for all life process of the living organisms. It is desirable factors to make an effective environment. Hence, the present work has been carried out the physico-chemical characteristics of Karaikkal coastal waters.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: Samples of water and sediment were collected from Karaikkal coastal waters for a period of one year from July’ 2016 – June 2017 to analyze various physico-chemical parameters in water and nutrient in sediments.

Findings: The maximum concentration of organic materials were received from the catchment area during monsoon season due to rainfall and fresh water inflow, etc. This trend of large amount of total organic carbon in sediment during monsoon could be attributed to the effluent discharge.

Application/Improvements: The amount of nutrients determines the potential fertility of the water masses and thus it is necessary to collect several data regarding their distribution and behavior in many coastal ecosystem.

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Background/Objectives: Tropical coastal areas are characterized by dynamic seascapes which encompass interconnected ecosystems such as wet land, mangroves, sea grass beds and corals. These ecosystems provides are highly productive, aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity as well as for the functioning of economic sectors such as tourism and fisheries. The near shore waters are exhibiting the seasonal variations. Fresh water inflow is influence the nutrient cycle in environments.

Methods/Statistical analysis: The sediment samples was collected in Nagapattinam coastal waters from July’ 2016 – June 2017 to collect the polychaete and analyze the species distribution.

Findings: The total numbers (nos) of 80123 nos/ m² were distributed in this station. The total numbers of 42 polychaete species were recorded during the study period. All the 42 species were recorded in summer and minimum of 21 species were recorded at monsoon. Among them 9 species of polychaetes (Capitella capitata, Nereis virens, Polydora ciliata, Perinereis cultrifera, Eunice tentaculata, Terebellides stroemi, Amphinome rostrata, Syllis gracilis and Glycera alba) were dominated in all seasons.

Application/Improvements: Benthic macrofauna play an important role in the coastal ecosystems such as scavenging, biological indicator, nourishment and nutraceutical values for fin and shell fishes. Among this, the Polychaetes are predominant group among the macro-benthic forms. They are also often used as live feed for aquaculture industry and also bio-prospecting.

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