Informatics Publishing Limited

V. Karthick ¹, K. Mani ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore T.N., IN

Abstract

No Abstract

Keywords

Crop Insurance, Adoption, Probit Model, Garrett’s Ranking

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D. I. George Amalarethinam ¹, J. Sai Geetha ², K. Mani ²

Affiliations
1 MCA, Jamal Mohamed College, Trichy - 620020, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Computer Science, Nehru Memorial College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

In the world of internet, Cryptography places a vital role as an effective measure to maintain information security. Whenever the security of public key cryptography algorithm increases, the execution speed decreases since both are inversely proportionate. It is mandatory to improve the security without affecting the speed. The main objective of this paper focuses on speed enhancement. Generally the encryption and decryption process is done on each characters of the plain text separately. It is a time consuming process. In this paper, the plain text is being decomposed into blocks to achieve better performance. The characters are to be grouped (Block Cipher mode) into blocks. For grouping of blocks, the plain text is replaced by the binary form of ASCII code. The binary plain text is divided into blocks with fixed size. If the size of block increases, then the execution speed is also increased. The crucial factor is to fix the block size. In some instance, the process of obtaining the plain text (decryption) is affected due to inappropriate block size. To overcome this issue, precise block size is fixed by using the proposed methodology namely Message Encoding Algorithm (MsgEncA). This algorithm is implemented in Java. As a result of proposed algorithm, the appropriate block size is fixed as double of the key size and less than modulus value. The execution speed is also analyzed with different key sizes and file sizes using RSA algorithm. The speed is compared with the existing algorithm namely Short Range of Natural Numbers (SRNN). Even when applied with different key size, the MsgEncA produces better performance with same level of security. An experimental analysis and comparison proves that the execution speed of MsgEncA is better than the existing method. In the aspect of speed, the proposed algorithm can be applied in any public key algorithms.

Keywords

Block Cipher, Decryption, Encryption, Message Encoding, Public Key Cryptography

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S. Padma Rani ¹, K. Mani ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, AICRP-IFS, COIMBATORE (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Intellectual Property Rights, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, COIMBATORE (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Agriculture Credit became increasingly important especially when the cultivators adopt modern technology, huge farm investments which required more finance than the traditional method of farming. There should be a balance between investment credit along with production credit for agricultural growth. Less availability of production or investment credit adversely influences the adoption of new modern technology and agricultural investments, which in turn lowers the productivity and production, and also pushes the farmers to borrow from non-institutional sources. The study is based on primary data collected from a sample of farm households comprised of two different groups, namely (i) borrower, (ii) non-borrower. The borrowers where again classified into two groups, (i) Conventional variety of banana (Nendran, Kadali, and Poovan) growers, (ii) Tissue culture banana (G9) growers comprising of Short Term and Long Term loan borrowers. Under each of above categories, forty five sample farm households with a total of 180 samples respondents were surveyed. The impact of credit on farm investment was assessed by comparing the category of long term borrowers growing tissue culture growing farms with that of non-borrower cum non adopter farms. Logit model was used for analyzing the effects of long term credit on farm investment. Results of the Logit regression model revealed that the net operated area, long term loan amount, education level, family size, and previous investment by farmer are significantly influencing on investment behaviour of banana growing farmers. Positive co-efficient for farm size indicated the farmer's ability to access the investment loans for making farm investment by pledging land as the security. The term loan amount, net operated area and previous investment had shown positive effect on investment.

Keywords

Short Term Credit, Term Loan, Investment, Logit Model, Marginal Effect.

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S. Menaka ¹, K. Mani ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Insurance is a technique where losses suffered by few are met from funds accumulated through small contributions made by many who are exposed to similar risk. Crop insurance is a means to protecting the cultivators against financial loss on account of anticipated crop-loss arising out of practically all natural factors beyond their control such as natural fire, weather, floods, pests, diseases etc. with respect to National Agricultural insurance scheme, Nagapattinam district is having 22.31 percentage of farmers, thus it ranks first in the performance of NAIS in Tamil Nadu. With respect to Modefied National Agricultural Insurance scheme Sivagangai district is having 73190 number of farmers and its having nearly 72 percentage of farmers in Tamil Nadu. In case of Coconut palm insurance scheme Karur district is having 524 number of farmer which accounts for nearly 42 percentage of total farmers in Tamil Nadu, with respect to Weather Based crop Insurance scheme Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu has maximum number of farmer covered under this scheme and its is having 5432 number of farmers and its accounted nearly 97 percentage of total farmers in Tamil Nadu.

Keywords

NAIS, MNAIS, WBCIS, CPIS.

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R. Loganathan ¹, K. Mani ², G. Mariappan ³, K. Indrakumar ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
3 Department of Agriculture, Vellore (T.N.), IN
4 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Cashew cultivation in India dates back to over 400 years, when the Portuguese who arrived in Kerala in the 16^th century introduced it. Initially it was cultivated to arrest soil erosion, afforestation and wasteland development programmes, but later it becomes an important cash crop. The total area under cashew in the world was 35.12 lakh hectares during 2009. In terms of area under cultivation, India ranked first with 8.93 lakh hectares constituting about one - fourth of the area under cashew in the world. To find out the costs and returns of the cashew cultivation among dry cashew cultivated farmers and irrigated cashew cultivated farmers. To estimate the economic viability of dry cashew/irrigated cashew plantations. Cashew was being cultivated as a dry crop in Cuddalore and Ariyalur districts to a larger extent. In Pudukkottai district, cashew was cultivated as both irrigated and dry crop and obviously the yield under dry condition was lesser than that of cashew grown under irrigated conditions. In the next stage, top six villages were purposively selected for the study. In each of the selected villages, 10 cashew growers were randomly selected. However, in Gandharvakkottai block of Pudukkottai district, cashew was cultivated as dry crop, while it was raised as an irrigated crop in Alangudy block of Pudukkottai district. Therefore, 30 dry cashew farms in Gandharvakkottai block and 30 irrigated cashew farms in Alangudy block were selected for the study. Thus, totally 150 dry cashew farms and 30 irrigated cashew farms were selected. Cost and returns like (i) Establishment costs and (ii) Maintenance costs were worked out. Yield and returns like, the yield and prices realized by the growers for the nuts were used to calculate the gross returns, net returns and the returns per hectare of cashew plantation. Economic viability of dry cashew varieties/irrigated cashew varieties the capital budgeting techniques like Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were employed to assess the economic viability of cashew farms and also for cashew processing units. The gross returns were also more in irrigated farms (Rs. 43650) than that of the dry farms (Rs. 33288). The output-input ratio was 1.85, 2.03 for dry cashew farms, irrigated cashew farms, respectively. These would indicate the high profitability of cashew production was found only in irrigated farms and this was achieved by gap filling and following modern farming techniques. The Net Present Value was higher for irrigated farms (Rs. 80,027) than that of the dry farms (Rs. 57,911). In case of Benefit Cost Ratio, irrigated farms had higher ratio of 2.28 than that of the dry farms 2.03. Similarly, the Internal Rate of Return was also more for irrigated farms (42 %) when compared to that of the dry farms (37 %). This would highlight that the cashew plantation would be a financially worthwhile venture in the study area and there is a vast potential for taking up the cultivation of high yielding varieties of cashew plantation, especially in the irrigated conditions of Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu.

Keywords

Cashew Nut, Cost and Returns, Establishment Costs, Maintenance Costs, Economic Viability, Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

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S. Menaka ¹, K. Mani ², R. Sangeetha ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, COIMBATORE (T. N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, COIMBATORE (T. N.), IN

Abstract

Financial inclusion was first featured - 2005 in India. 73 per cent of farmer households have no access to formal sources of credit from both formal/ informal sources. Of the total farmer households, only 27 per cent access formal sources of credit. Across regions, financial exclusion is more acute in Central, Eastern and North-Eastern regions. All three regions together accounted for 64 per cent of all financially excluded farmer households in the country.

Keywords

Financial Inclusion, Financial Exclusion, Financial Inclusive Index, Kissan Credit Card, Cropping Intensity.

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K. Mani ¹, G. Ilanchezhiapandian ²

Affiliations
1 Christian College of Engineering and Technology, Oddanchatram-Dindigul, IN
2 Sathyabama University, Channai, IN

Abstract

A web application is a software system that contains the computing and networking technologies required for use through web browsers on the Internet Web application. The fundamental feature of web applications is that its behavior is specified by the interaction between the environment and the system. One of the major platforms to build web applications is J2EE based on the MVC model such as Struts Framework. Struts framework based on MVC has brought the best code reuse and the legible code structure in entire system by far, but it has some problems such as complicated program, high coupling among layers and hard maintenance because its model part adopts JDBC to connect databases directly. In this paper we propose middleware technology such as Struts2 based on MVC2, Spring and Hibernate Frameworks which is the kernel and key to the simplify the software development, improve the software performance and quickly construct the Web Application of the good expansibility, maintainability. This Framework is analyzed on designing E-Commerce System.

Keywords

Middleware, MVC2, Struts2, Spring , Hibernate.

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M. Chinnadurai ¹, S. Muraligopal ², D. Suresh Kumar ³, K. R. Karunakaran ², K. Mani ², K. Rajendran ², P. Asha Priyanka ²

Affiliations
1 Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
3 Forest College and Research Institute (T.N.A.U.), Mettuppalyam (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Rapid land use change has taken place in Tamil Nadu over the past three to four decades due to accelerated cultivation, industrialization and urbanization. Growth of population influenced increased food requirements. In order to meet the basic requirements, the Government has planned to increase the irrigation facilities and the agricultural inputs, (High yielding varieties (HYV), seeds, agricultural implements etc.) to the farmers and also implement the interventional schemes and incentives to enhance farmer’s income. Land use change may be examined by considering conversion of forest to crop and rangeland; losses of productive land through various factors; conversion of wetlands to agriculture and urban use: and conversion of other types of land to various human uses. The key to meet the present day challenges lies in the integrated management of the natural resources. Therefore, the knowledge of soil and land resources with respect to their spatial distribution, characteristics, potentials, limitations and their suitability for alternate land uses helps in formulating strategies to obtain higher productivity on sustained basis. With these views in mind an attempt has been made to study the spatial and temporal changes in the land use in Tamil Nadu.

Keywords

Land Use Pattern, Land Resources Inventory, Size-Holding, Land Degradation.

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S. Padma Rani ¹, K. Mani ¹, A. Vidhyavathi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Agriculture as a primary sector continues to play a dominant role in increasing the growth and development of Indian economy and it is important to revitalize the agricultural sector, for which agricultural investment flow is necessitated in the agriculture sector. In order to increase the investment flow to agriculture sector, institutional credit has contributed greatly right from the ‘Green Revolution Period’. Agricultural credit helps farmers to go for short-term credit for purchase of high cost inputs and other services and for making investment on capital assets with the support of long term credit facility. Further, for adoption of new technological inputs and enhancing farm productivity farm finance becomes inevitable. Probit model was used to find out the impact of credit on technology adoption. The probit analysis was done between short term borrowers, growing tissue culture (technology adopter) and conventional varieties of growing banana (technology non adopter). Independent variables included in the model were: age, education, experience, amount of credit borrowed, family size, number of extension contacts, farm size ,total farm income and distance to formal and informal financial institution probit model was used for evaluating the factors determining adoption of tissue culture banana- a new technology in banana cultivation among sample respondents. The co-efficient of credit amount borrowed was 0.05 which implied that increase in credit amount by one unit would increase 5 per cent in the probability of adoption of tissue culture technology. The marginal effect of credit amount borrowed was 0.36 which showed that an unit increase in the amount borrowed would result in 36 per cent increase in technology adoption. And also the study found out that Increase in farm income and extension agency contact have positive effect on technology adoption.

Keywords

Agricultural Credit, Technology Adoption, Marginal Effect.

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