Informatics Publishing Limited

Anand Kumar ¹, N.N. Jani ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Master of Computer Applications, M.S. Engineering College, Bangalore, IN
2 Faculty of Computer Studies Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalya, Gandhinagar, IN

Abstract

This paper presents an influence of crossover operator in genetic algorithm for small to large minimum spanning tree problem. A minimum spanning tree problem becomes NP-hard problem when additional constraint degree is applied with each node to restrict the number of edges. Crossover operator plays an important role in genetic algorithm approach. Since many researchers have tried to solve this problem for small to mid size, we have explored the use of genetic algorithm with various crossover functions with modification but without changing the nature of genetic algorithm. Various crossover functions have been developed here as per the requirement of the problem and applied with the various size of network. In this paper we have tried to show the impact of crossover function in genetic algorithm.

Keywords

Genetic Algorithm, Crossover Operator Degree Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree

Full Text

     

Anand Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

Plasma is gas of charged and neutral particles that exhibit collective behaviour. Studies of dusty plasma associated phenomena are known to have applications in many astrophysical environments, laboratory environments and in industrial plasma systems. Presence of dust particles in plasma invariably changes their behaviour and become dominant in terms of energy and momentum transport.The most prominent of these techniques are the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV). Dust structures and motion of dust particles in plasma are studied in the laboratory by making optical measurements using the scattering of laser light.Taking a sequence of image is one of the most important methods of diagnosing dusty plasma. Understand the motion of the dust particles is also very important from the point of view of controlled nuclear fusion. Presence of dust in controlled nuclear fusion reactor is not desired and large amount of dust is expected to be produced in thermonuclear reactor, hence understanding the behaviour of dust particles in plasma and its efficient removal from the reactor will be useful from the point of view of controlled nuclear fusion. It holds the promise of potentially limitless and clean energy. This paper undertakes a comprehensive review of the various techniques discussed in these research papers and attempts to qualify them based on their approach, accuracy of results, ease of implementation and critical shortcomings.

Keywords

Dusty Plasma, Nuclear Fusion, PIV, PTV

Full Text

   

Anand Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Botanical Survey of India, Pune, IN

Abstract

No Abstract.

Full Text

   

K. K. Khanna ¹, Anand Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad - 211 002, IN

Abstract

No Abstract.

Full Text

   

Anand Kumar ¹, K. K. Khanna ¹

Affiliations
1 Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, IN

Abstract

The paper deals with ethnomedicinal information on 54 plant species (belonging to 33 families) collected from field survey amongst three tribes viz., Gond, Korku and Gaiki of Betul district, Madhya Pradesh. An analysis of data has indicated that eight plant species are employed as antidote to snake bite and scorpion sting, six to treat fever. five for rheumatism, four to treat cold, cough, skin diseases, as anthelmintic and tonic, and three for stomach diseases while two species to treat impotency, cuts, wounds and as diuretic. On the other hand, only single species has been referred for a number of other ailments like eye diseases, spermatorrhoea, spleen enlargement, tuberculosis, mouth sore, boil, asthma, liver disorder, toothache, bone fracture, abortifacient, antifertility, and in veterinary. Further, a comparison with the concerned literature has revealed that 23 ethnomedicinal uses of plants have not been reported earlier.

Full Text

   

K. K. Khanna ¹, Ajay Kumar Jha ¹, Anand Kumar ¹, S. K. Murti ²

Affiliations
1 Botanical Survey of India, Central Circle, Allahabad, IN
2 Botanical Survey of India, Northern Circle: Dehra Dun, IN

Abstract

The paper deals with an account of endemic and rare plants of Chhattisgarh a newly constituted state of Indian union. Four species viz., Staurogyne perpusilla Henry & Balakr., Maytenus bailadillana (Narayan & Mooney) Raju & Babu, Eriocaulon rajendrababui Ansari & Balakr. and E. raipurense Khanna, Mudgal & Kumar are endemic to the state. Further, 481 taxa are rare in the state. Various conservation measures have been proposed in the paper.

Full Text

   

Anand Kumar ¹, Yogesh Chaba ¹, Sanjeev Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of CSE, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, IN

Abstract

A mobile ad hoc network is a wireless network that uses multi hop peer to peer routing. A user can move any time at any place, as a result that network need to have routing protocol which can hold dynamically changing topology. To accomplish this, a number of ad hoc routing protocol have been proposed and implemented such as DSR, LAR, WRP. The comparatively study will be done on basis of increase in number of nodes with CBR values. Three simulation result are described using two CBR values these are 10 and 50. In these results LAR perform best as comparison of DSR and WRP because the LAR protocol uses location information to reduce the search space for a desired route limiting the search space-results in fewer route discovery messages. This paper compares the major characteristics of these protocols such as throughput, collision, loss packet percentage using a parallel discrete event-driven simulator, Glomosim-2.03. In light traffic load, throughput and collision of DSR protocol is best as compare to LAR and WRP but in heavy traffic LAR is best because in heavy traffic LAR use Global Positioning System to find the exact location of node in network. So that overhead has to be reduced.

Keywords

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, DSR, LAR, WRP.

Full Text

     

K. K. Khanna ¹, Anand Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 950B, Kalyani Devi, Dariyabad, Allahabad (U.P.), IN
2 Botanical Survey of India, Central Regional Centre, Allahabad (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The paper deals with enumeration of 39 monotypic genera of angiosperms occurring in India. The present list is an addition to 189 monotypic genera earlier reported from Indian flora thus totalling the list to 228.

Keywords

Monotypic Genera, Angiosperms, India.

Full Text

     

Anand Kumar ¹, S. Thulasi Krishna ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kuppam Engineering College, Kuppam - 517425, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

In all the type of physical networks, optimization is one of the important factors in the minimization of the cost. This paper presents an approach to connect the distributed network locations in the form of single network tree using the concept of genetic algorithm in such a way that total covered distance should be minimum and the connectivity of the node in the given preference should also be maintained. Connectivity of the node can be defined as DCMST problem which comes under the category of NP problems. Inclusion of additional constraints makes it NP hard problem. Approximation algorithms have no optimal solutions so far that is why metaheuristic approach Genetic Algorithm is applied and satisfactory results have been found. Current research has considered the size or network from 10 nodes to 500 nodes of network with fully connected. Population range and generation range has been considered from 10 to 5000 with the genetic operators with the uniform crossover and mutation insertion. This work has shown that population variation with the medium range and minimum number of generation can produce the better results in the comparison of extremely large size population or maximum number of generations. Optimization of the network is a real life worldwide useful problem and it has many applications from the data communication, VLSI design to logistic transition.

Keywords

Communication, Degree Constraint, Genetic Algorithm, Route Optimization, Spanning Tree

Full Text

   

K. Kalaiselvi ¹, Anand Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science, Kristu Jayanti College, Bangalore – 560077, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, M. S. Engineering College, Bangalore – 562110, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Objectives: The implementation of Genetic algorithm in the symmetric block cipher Advanced Encryption Standard -128 (AES-128) algorithms to enhance the performance of cryptographic operations. Methods: Genetic algorithm is used for generating the best fit non-repetitive cipher key and for key distribution to design a dynamic Substitution box in AES-128. Findings: The study reveals that the efficiency of the cryptographic algorithm treated with Genetic algorithm is dependent on the variations in the number of generations and initial population size. The result shows that an optimum population size has less encryption and decryption time. Among the sample population size taken for the experiment, almost the average population size has minimum encryption and decryption time. Results from iteration variations shows that the average number of iterations has less encryption and decryption time. Improvements: The hybrid combination of Genetic algorithm and AES-128 can be further modified for images and audio messages also.

Keywords

Genetic Algorithm, Iterations, Non-Repetitive Cipher Key, Population Size, Substitution Box.

Full Text

   

Rajib Gogoi ¹, Anand Kumar ¹, Wojciech Adamowski ²

Affiliations
1 Botanical Survey of India, Central National Herbarium, P.O.-Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711103, IN
2 Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 17-230 Białowieża, PL

Abstract

Impatiens sikkimensis Govaerts & Chakrab. is recollected after a gap of 115 years from its type locality. The species is redescribed from fresh collections as the descriptions in protologue was very limited. Colored illustrations along with comparison to closely related species are provided for easy identification.

Full Text

   

Arup Roy Chowdhury ¹, Manish Saxena ¹, Ankush Kumar ¹, S. R. Joshi ¹, Amitabh ¹, Aditya Dagar ¹, Manish Mittal ¹, Shweta Kirkire ¹, Jalshri Desai ¹, Dhrupesh Shah ¹, J. C. Karelia ¹, Anand Kumar ¹, Kailash Jha ¹, Prasanta Das ¹, H. V. Bhagat ¹, Jitendra Sharma ¹, D. N. Ghonia ¹, Meghal Desai ¹, Gaurav Bansal ¹, Ashutosh Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Abstract

Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter-craft, is a very high spatial resolution camera operating in visible panchromatic band. OHRC’s primary goal is to image the landingsite region prior to landing for characterization and finding hazard-free zones. Post landing operation of the OHRC will be for scientific studies of small-scale features on the lunar surface. OHRC makes use of the time delay integration detector to have good signal-tonoise ratio under low illumination condition and less integration time due to very high spatial resolution. Ground sampling distance (GSD) and swath of OHRC (in nadir view) are 0.25 m and 3 km respectively, from 100 km altitude. GSD is better than 0.32 m in oblique view (25° pitch angle) during landing site imaging from 100 km altitude in two stereo views in consecutive orbits. This article includes the details of the configuration, sub-systems, imaging modes, and optical, spectral and radiometric characterization performance.

Keywords

Ground Sampling Distance, Orbiter High Resolution Camera, Relative Spectral Response, Square Wave Response, Time Delay Integration.

Full Text

   

Mumtaz Ahmad Ansari ¹, Anand Kumar ¹, Afreen Ali ¹, Awgesh Kumar Verma ¹, Mohit Mangla ¹, Pratik K. Jha ¹, Vivek Srivastava ²

Affiliations
1 Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, U.P., IN
2 Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, U.P., IN

Abstract

Developing new therapeutic methods and exploring other possible future strategies in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an area of interest. Angiogenesis is one such sought for area that can even serve as a targeted therapy in this subset of breast cancer. The objective of the study was to evaluate the prognostic factors in TNBC patients with emphasis on angiogenesis. Prospectively 120 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer from June 2015 to July 2019 were included. The Colour Doppler evaluation of breast lump and axilla in terms of RI, PI and Vmax was done. Patients were categorized as having ‘high’ or ‘low’ RI, PI and Vmax on the basis of their mean value. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on viable tumour blocks obtained from mastectomy specimen using CD31 vascular endothelial staining. The idea was to obtain Microvascular Density (MVD) by counting all immunostained vessels at magnification of 400x. The association between TNBC and non TNBC with well-known Doppler parameters, tumour size, clinical lymph node status, number of positive lymph nodes, tumour grade, stage of disease and hormonal receptor status was investigated. Also the association between high and low MVD with these prognostic parameters were evaluated. A total of 120 patients were included in the study with the mean age of 42.43±7.73 years (range 30-65 years). The mean RI, PI and Vmax were 0.92±0.26, 2.19±1.84 and 16.52±10.70 respectively. The comparison between TNBC and non-TNBC with prognostic parameters showed significant association with age of patients, duration of disease, use of oral contraceptive pills (>1 year), tumour size, histological grade, RI and MVD (p=0.041, p=0.011, p=0.002, p=0.029, p=0.026, p=0.014 and p=0.007 respectively). The MVD value >13.17 (high) was found in 45 (37.5%) patients while 75 (62.5%) patients had low MVD value (<13.17). The high MVD (>16.52) was significantly associated with tumour size (p<0.001), axillary lymph node (p=0.022), clinical stage (p=0.015), histological grade (p<0.001), RI (p<0.001), ER status (p<0.001) and HER2 over expression (p=0005). TNBC is a subset of breast cancer showing aggressive biological behaviour as seen by presence of poor prognostic marker and increased vascularity.

Keywords

Colour Doppler, CD31, Micro-vessel Density, Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

Full Text

   

Anand Kumar ¹, Gopal Krishna ¹, Tapas Chakrabarty ²

Affiliations
1 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Botanic Garden, Howrah – 711 103, West Bengal, IN
2 Botanical Garden Lane, Howrah – 711 103, West Bengal, IN

Abstract

Cryptocarya burkillii M. Gangop. is reduced here as a synonym of C. ferrea Blume and it makes a new record to India. Similarly, C. sheikelmudiyana A.K.H. Bachan & P.K. Fasila is also synonymized under C. lawsonii Gamble.

Keywords

Cryptocarya burkillii, Cryptocarya sheikelmudiyana, syn. nov.

Full Text

     

Henry John Noltie ¹, Anand Kumar ², Kumar Avinash Bharati ², Avishek Bhattacharjee ², Gopal Krishna ²

Affiliations
1 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, GB
2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah 711 103, IN

Abstract

Sixty-one herbarium specimens collected by William Roxburgh (1751–1815) from India have recently been discovered in the Central National Herbarium (CAL), Howrah. A catalogue is provided here, including annotations of original names and determinations, currently accepted names and notes on actual or potential type status. The specimens came to CAL from eight different sources, and notes are provided on their possible origins.

Keywords

Annotations, Catalogue, Herbarium Specimens, Sources And Origins, Sub-collections.

Full Text