https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/issue/feed International Journal of One Health 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Dr. Anjum V. Sherasiya editoronehealth@gmail.com Open Journal Systems International Journal of One Health publishes papers focusing on One Health (Human, Animal and Environmental health). Topic includes agro-bioterrorism, animal science, antimicrobial resistance, bacteriology, biosecurity, bioterrorism, climate change, comparative medicine, disaster management, ecology, entomology, environmental health, epidemiology, food science, food security, global trade and commerce, health communication, human health, immunology, infectious disease, nutrition, occupational health, parasitology, pathology, physiology, public health and public policy, toxicology, veterinary science, virology, wildlife protection, zoonoses etc. Review articles are highly appreciated. https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184847 Risk Factors Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis among Abattoir Personnel in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria:A One-Health Approach 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 S. Mohammed msani600@gmail.com Adamu Saleh Saidu adamudvm13@gmail.com S. M. Jajere drmsjajere@unimaid.edu.ng P. Tomar tomarvety@gmail.com A. M. Wakil amwakil@unimaid.edu.ng J. Mohammed drjamilumohd@gmail.com R. Preeti rohillapreeti807@gmail.com <p><strong>Aim:</strong> Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important milk-borne zoonosis that affects cattle production and poses serious threat to public health. This study aimed at assessing the risk factors as well as the level of awareness, attitude, and practices of abattoir personnel toward bTB in Gombe Township Abattoir, Gombe State.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A prospective survey was conducted between October 2015 and December 2015. During the survey, a total of 112 close-ended structured questionnaires were administered to the abattoir personnel to assess their level of awareness of bTB.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Of these respondents, the majority were males (79%), butchers (49%) and about 40% were under the productive age brackets of 26-35 years. Majority of the respondents (85.7%) were aware of the zoonotic nature of the disease. However, only a few of the respondents (44.6%) wear personal protective equipments (PPEs) clothes while handling or in contact with carcasses during the slaughtering process. Only a few among the respondents (24.1% and 31.2%) consumed unpasteurized milk and unaware of eating of improperly cooked meat as a risk factor of bTB, respectively. About 75.7% of the respondents believed that the habit of eating and drinking inside the abattoir and during slaughtering operations has no any significant effects on their health. The results obtained show a statistically significant association between respondents’ awareness of bTB and their occupational status, duration of exposure to cattle carcasses, and knowledge about the disease (p&lt;0.05); and the odds of being aware of bTB was 10.0, 5.07, and 4.2, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study demonstrates the need for public health authorities to intervene in bTB prevention and control through the creation of avenues for enlightenment on the zoonotic risk associated with bTB. The risk factors associated with bTB transmission as indicated by the personnel’s practice and awareness levels in Gombe township abattoir are preventable through the use of PPEs clothing.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184849 Screening of Crows and Waterfowls for <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Infection 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Hanaa Mohamed Fadel hanaamohamedfadel@ymail.com Amira Ahmed amira_abdelaziz@vet.suez.edu.eg <p><strong>Background and Aim:</strong> Wild birds can carry a number of potential human and animal pathogens. These birds can intrude into human habitats giving the opportunity to transmission of such infection. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the role of crows and waterfowls as vectors of <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> and to compare cultivation methods with direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of infection.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A total of 200 fecal dropping samples were collected. <em>Salmonella</em> was cultivated by three step method (Universal Pre-enrichment Broth [UPB], Rappaport-Vassiliadis Broth, and Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate agar). The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping, serotyping, and PCR detection of enterotoxin (<em>stn</em>) gene. The antibiogram pattern of isolates against a panel of 8 antibiotics was recorded. <em>L. monocytogenes</em> was cultivated on UPB, then on Listeria Oxford Agar and Listeria CHROMagar. The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping and PCR detection of listeriolysin (<em>hylA</em>) gene.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The percentages of <em>Salmonella</em> infection in crows and waterfowls were 10 and 20, respectively. The most frequently recovered serovars were Typhimurium, Potengi, Enteritidis, and Kentucky. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of <em>Salmonella</em> isolates showed that the resistance rates for gentamicin were the highest (92%), followed by amoxicillin (88%) and cefixime (60%). Resistance to 8 antibiotics was recorded in 60% (15/25) of <em>Salmonella</em> isolates. The percentages of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> infection in crows and waterfowls were 1.3 and 2, respectively. Direct PCR applied to UPB revealed that 12% and 3% of samples were positive for <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>L. monocytogenes</em>, respectively, and there was no significant difference between direct PCR and cultivation method for the detection of infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present findings indicate that wild birds can harbor zoonotic enteric pathogens and this necessitates monitoring the epidemiologic status of these pathogens among wild birds and humans and applying the appropriate intervention measures to prevent the spread of infection.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184850 <i>Helicobacter pullorum</i> in Broiler Chickens and the Farm Environment:A One Health Approach 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Soe Soe Wai aasaleha@yahoo.com Saleha Abdul-Aziz saleha@upm.edu.my Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus abasinamai@gmail.com Zakaria Zunita zunita@upm.edu.my Jalila Abu jalila@upm.edu.my <p><strong>Aim:</strong> This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of <em>Helicobacter pullorum</em> in broiler chickens and their farm environment.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The ceca from 100 broiler chickens from ten farms were sampled from processing sites or markets. The cecal contents were aseptically collected from each cecum and cultured. The farms were visited, and environmental samples were collected which included water, house flies, floor swabs and soils in chicken houses.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> <em>H. pullorum</em> was present in 51% of the broilers; 17.5% of the flies were found to carry <em>H. pullorum</em> and Campylobacter spp., 30% of house floors were positive, while all water samples were negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Flies could have picked up the organisms from the chickens’ feces and/or the environment of the chicken houses or they could be one of the sources in the spread of the organisms. This study also showed that broiler chickens are potential reservoirs for <em>H. pullorum</em> and may serve as a source of infection for humans through the food chain.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184851 Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Chickens from Small-Scale (Backyard) Poultry Farms in Maiduguri, Nigeria 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Iliya Dauda Kwoji kojdail28@unimaid.edu.ng Jasini Athanda Musa jasiniamusa@gmail.com Nubwa Daniel nubwadaniel@gmail.com Dauda Luka Mohzo daudamohzo@gmail.com Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus abasinamai@gmail.com Abiodun Andrew Ojo andy482@yahoo.com Kingsley Uwakwe Ezema kuwakwe8@gmail.com <p><strong>Aim:</strong> This study investigated the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> in chickens from small-scale (backyard) commercial poultry farms in Maiduguri.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A total of 96 cloacal swab samples were collected. This comprised of 24 samples each from broiler chicks, pullets, layers, and broilers (adults). The samples were examined for the presence of <em>E. coli</em> using conventional microbiological culture and biochemical tests. The pure <em>E. coli</em> isolates were screened for ESBL production by culturing onto Brilliance™ ESBL agar. Isolates that showed positive reactions with production of bluish or pinkish colonies were tested for susceptibilities against some selected beta-lactam antibiotics which include cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), cefpodoxime (10 μg), aztreonam (30 μg), and ceftazidime (30 μg). Isolates that exhibited resistance to any two or three of the antibiotics were selected and confirmed by combination disk diffusion method with ceftazidime (30 μg) and cefotaxime (30 μg) alone and in combination with clavulanic acid (30 μg/10 μg).</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The total occurrence of <em>E. coli</em> was 67.6% (65/96) with the highest occurrence of 83.3% (20/24) from broiler chicks and least detection of 54.2% (13/24) from layers. Of this, 32.0% were ESBL-producing <em>E. coli</em> with the highest detection rate from layers (38.5%) and least occurrence from pullets (26.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study revealed the presence of ESBL-producing <em>E. coli</em> in chickens from small-scale commercial poultry farms in Maiduguri, thus indicating that chickens may serve as important reservoirs for the transmission of antimicrobial resistant pathogens to humans through the food chain.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184853 Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Isolates from Milk Produced by Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Mbeya Region, Tanzania 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 H. F. Massawe heriele@yahoo.com R. H. Mdegela mdegela@suanet,ac.tz L. R. Kurwijila kurwijila_2000@yahoo.com <p><strong>Aim:</strong> The study determined and evaluated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> isolated from milk collected along the milk value chain from farm herds, milk collection center, and milk shops in Mbeya rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A total of 150 milk samples were collected; 96 from farmers’ herds, 18 from milk collection centers, and 36 from milk shops. The samples were cultured in Mannitol salt agar for pathogen isolation and biochemical tests performed for confirmation of <em>S. aureus</em>. Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for antibiotic resistance testing.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> One hundred and forty samples yielded Staphylococcus species; these were from farmer’s herd (92), milk collection center (18), and milk shops (30), respectively. Biochemical tests showed that 21 (15%) were positive for <em>S. aureus</em>. The corresponding prevalence rates from the value chain nodes were 14.1%, 16.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. Resistance to penicillin was frequently observed (57.1%) and vancomycin was effective to all <em>S. aureus</em> isolates tested. Resistance along the sampling points showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.82, p&lt;0.0001; r=0.65, p&lt;0.003; and r=0.61, p&lt;0.01) between farmers, milk collection points, and milk shops, respectively. More than half (57.1%) of the isolates exhibited resistance to three or more of the antibiotics used in this study. <em>S. aureus</em> isolates were shown to have a multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns, particularly with respect to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The level of staphylococcal isolates and the antibiotic resistance of <em>S. aureus</em> found in this study is an indication of subclinical mastitis, poor hygiene, and inappropriate use of antibiotics; therefore, education of farmers on subclinical mastitis control and proper use of antibiotics would be of benefits in these areas.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184862 Vibriosis and <i>Aeromonas</i> Infection in Shrimp:Isolation, Sequencing, and Control 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Hanaa Mohamed Fadel hanaamohamedfadel@ymail.com M. M. Maather El-Lamie maather76@yahoo.com <p><strong>Background and Aim:</strong> Shrimp is one of the most commonly consumed types of seafood. It is a very nutritious healthy food. Shrimp is low in calories and rich in protein and healthy fats. It also contains a treasure trove of vitamins and minerals. On the negative side, it may be affected by many bacterial diseases which affect its health. Furthermore, it may be incriminated as a vector of foodborne illnesses that range from mild gastrointestinal upset to life-threatening diseases. This study was designed to assess the clinical picture and zoonotic importance of vibriosis and <em>Aeromonas</em> infection in live shrimp and to study the antibacterial effect of citric acid (lemon juice) and acetic acid (vinegar) on these pathogens.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A total of 170 live shrimp (<em>Metapenaeus monoceros</em>) samples were collected from Suez City, Egypt. The samples were examined clinically, and then, they were enriched into alkaline peptone water and cultivated on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar and ampicillin MacConkey agar for the isolation of <em>Vibrio</em> and <em>Aeromonas</em> species, respectively. The recovered isolates were confirmed biochemically and genotypically using duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The germicidal effects of vinegar and lemon on artificially contaminated shrimp samples with <em>Aeromonas</em> hydrophila and <em>Vibrio</em> parahaemolyticus at different times (0.25, 1, 1.5, and 24 h) and temperatures (5° and 30°C) were studied.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed that some of the infected shrimp were hypoxic, lethargic with abnormal swimming behavior. In most cases, body appendages, telsons, uropods, and gills took black coloration. In addition, the hepatopancreas appeared soft, swollen, and congested. The prevalence rates of vibriosis in each of the musculature and hepatopancreas were 4.7%, while the prevalence rates of <em>Aeromonas</em> infection in the musculature and hepatopancreas were 11.8% and 11.2%, respectively. Duplex PCR showed that <em>Aeromonas</em> isolates gave double bands: 237 bp specific for gcat and 500 bp specific for 16S rRNA, while <em>Vibrio</em> spp. and <em>Plesiomonas shigelloides</em> isolates gave single band at 500 bp. The effect of organic acid treatment showed that acetic acid (vinegar 5%) had increasing reduction rates that reached its maximum level after 24 h; where it caused (100% inhibition) for A. hydrophila at both temperatures and (33.63% and 60% inhibition) for V. parahaemolyticus at refrigerator and room temperatures, respectively. Moreover, acetic acid was more effective at room temperature than at refrigerator temperature. Concerning the effect of lemon juice (citric acid), it was more effective than acetic acid at short marination (0.25 and 1 h) at both temperatures for the two pathogens. Moreover, lemon was more effective at refrigerator temperature than at room temperature at the same aforementioned time. The difference between the reduction effects of the two acids on both pathogens was statistically significant (p&lt;0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Overall, the examined shrimp samples were found to be vectors for <em>Vibrio</em> and <em>Aeromonas</em> spp. Application of hygienic measures during handling and cooking of shrimp should be esteemed. The organic acid treatment trial showed that vinegar and lemon juice can be used as a safe and economic method to limit the microbial contamination in seafood.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184896 Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwest of Iran 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Mohammad Darvishi Mohammaddarvishi9@gmail.com Abedin Saghafipour abed.saghafi@yahoo.com Eslam Moradi-Asl moradiasl83@yahoo.com Reza Jafari jafari_r@farabi.tums.ac.ir Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati jafaradnani@yahoo.com Hossein Darabi darabi53@yahoo.com <p><strong>Background and Aim:</strong> Zoonotic rodents (Rodentia: Muridae: Gerbillinae) and Phlebotominae sand flies are the major reservoir hosts and vectors of <em>Leishmania major</em> causing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. This study was carried out to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Tangestan County, Southwest Iran.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on human cases, probable reservoirs, and vectors of CL at Tangestan County in 2017. The data of patients were taken on health centers and analyzed. To determination faunistic of sand flies, they were collected using sticky paper traps and identified using identification keys. The rodent samples were captured using Sherman live traps and determined for amastigote infection.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 436 cases occurred during 2005-2017 and the incidence rate of disease was 0.2-12/100,000 people. Six species of sand flies including three species of <em>Phlebotomus</em> and three species of Sergentomyia including <em>Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus alexandri, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Sergentomyia baghdadis</em>, and <em>Sergentomyia clydei</em> were identified. From 185 trapped rodents, 9 species were identified. We founded, 2 out of 132 Tatera indica (1.53%) were positive with Leishmania spp. using the microscopic method.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> According to the existence of human leishmaniasis cases as a host, <em>T. indica</em> with high abundance and infected to <em>Leishmania</em> as a reservoir, and existence of <em>P. papatasi</em> with high abundance as a suspected vector of disease; there is a potential for transmission of disease in the area. Design of exact control and prevention strategies is highly recommended.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184897 Molecular Survey of Zoonotic <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> and Genetic Evidence of a Putative Novel <i>Anaplasma</i> Species in Goats from Taif, Saudi Arabia 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Mohamed W. Ghafar mohamedghafar@hotmail.com Sayed A. M. Amer samer@nauss.edu.sa <p><strong>Aim:</strong> Genus <em>Anaplasma</em> is of veterinary and public health importance, and its members utilize ruminants as key hosts in their epidemiology. To date, information about the occurrence and molecular identity of <em>Anaplasma</em> <em>phagocytophilum</em> and other <em>Anaplasma</em> species in Saudi Arabian goats is scarce. This study aimed to molecularly detect and characterize zoonotic <em>A. phagocytophilum</em> and other <em>Anaplasma</em> spp. in goats from Taif District, KSA.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Blood samples collected from 67 goats were polymerase chain reaction tested using common and <em>A. phagocytophilum</em>-specific primers targeting 16S rRNA and <em>msp4</em> genes, respectively. Amplicons of common reactions were purified, sequenced, and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Six goats yielded positive results with common primers, whereas all animals proved negative for <em>A. phagocytophilum</em>. Analysis of the two successfully sequenced amplicons revealed the presence of a variant strain of <em>Anaplasma</em> ovis (99.52% ID) and a new <em>Anaplasma</em> organism, which was clustered with <em>Anaplasma</em> bovis (95.9% ID) and <em>Aegyptianella pullorum</em> (94.99% ID) and distinctly separated from all other recognized species of the genus <em>Anaplasma</em>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The tested goats proved negative for <em>A. phagocytophilum</em>; however, we could not confirm that the area is pathogen free. A variant strain of A. ovis and a putative novel <em>Anaplasma</em> spp. were reported raising the concern of veterinary and zoonotic potential. Other genes should be sequenced and analyzed for complete identification of the detected organisms.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184898 Detection of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in Trade Donkeys (<i>Equus asinus</i>) at Ganawuri District Market, Riyom Local Government Area, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Ishaku Bata Shalangwa drsshalangwa2005@yahoo.co.uk Shalom Byencit Kumra yohananancwat1@gmail.com <p><strong>Background and Aim:</strong> <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> is a parasite of public health significance due to its possible transmission to humans through ingestion of tissue cysts in raw or undercooked meat or food or water contaminated with oocysts shed by felids and transplacental transmission. This study was carried out to provide information on the possible risk of transmission through eating undercooked donkey meat by conducting a market based cross-sectional study design to determine the presence of <em>T. gondii</em> antibodies in trade donkeys in Ganawuri district, Riyom Local Government Area, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> One hundred and thirteen serum samples were collected from trade donkeys at the market and analyzed for <em>T. gondii</em> antibodies using latex agglutination test (LAT). Serum samples with LAT titer &gt;10 μl/ml were considered positive.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The distribution of the donkeys based on their sources showed that greater proportions (61.1%) were from North Eastern part of the country. The study showed that 31 of the serum samples collected and analyzed were positive for <em>T. gondii</em> antibodies given an overall prevalence of 27.4%. The prevalence ranges between 22.2 and 33.3% across the states where the donkeys were sourced. The study showed that seropositivity increases with age (p=0.003; OR=11.8) and ranges between 12.5 and 47.2%. The prevalence did not vary significantly based on sex and source/location (p=0.494, OR=0.05; 0.920, 1.45, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study showed that trade donkeys at Ganawuri district market have antibodies to <em>T. gondii</em> and suggest a public health risk from the consumption of undercooked donkey meat.</p> 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Vet-IJOH/article/view/184899 Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Ampicillin Class C Beta‑Lactamase-producing <i>Escherichia Coli</i> From Food Animals:A Review 2019-07-24T04:33:01+00:00 Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus abasinamai@gmail.com Peter Anjili Mshelia dr.p.a.mshelia@gmail.com Iliya Dauda Kwoji kojdail28@unimaid.edu.ng Mohammed Dauda Goni daudagoni@gmail.com Saleh Mohammed Jajere drmsjajere@unimaid.edu.ng Antimicrobial resistance has gained global notoriety due to its public health concern, the emergence of multiple drugresistant bacteria, and lack of new antimicrobials. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)/ampicillin Class C (AmpC)- producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> and other zoonotic pathogens can be transmitted to humans from animals either through the food chain, direct contact or contamination of shared environments. There is a surge in the rate of resistance to medically important antibiotics such as carbapenem, ESBL, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones among bacteria of zoonotic importance. Factors that may facilitate the occurrence, persistence and dissemination of ESBL/AmpC-Producing <em>E. coli</em> in humans and animal includes; 1). o ral administration of antimicrobials to humans primarily (by physician and health care providers) and secondarily to animals, 2). importation of parent stock and day-old chickens, 3). farm management practice and lack of water acidification in poultry, 4). contamination of feed, water and environment, 5). contamination of plants with feces of animals. Understanding these key factors will help reduce the level of resistance, thereby boosting the therapeutic effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of animal and human infections. This review highlights the occurrence, risk factors, and public health importance of ESBL/AmpC-beta-lactamase producing <em>E. coli</em> isolated from livestock. 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00