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K. Ashok , A. Amit , M. Sujatha , B. Murali , M. S. Anand

Abstract

Objective: The experiment was conducted to know the effect of aging on andrographolide content in Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) to establish the best harvesting time. Materials and method: The growth and yield parameters were studied at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after sowing. The andrographolide content was estimated by HPLC method. Results and conclusion: The best harvesting time was observed at 120 days after sowing to get higher biomass containing maximum andrographolide content.

Keywords

Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide Content, Aging

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P. Shanmukhi ¹, M. V. Nagabhushanam ¹, K. Ashok ², M. Beena Devi ¹

Affiliations
1 D.C.R.M Pharmacy College, Inkollu - 523 167, Prakasam Dt., Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 QIS College of Pharmacy, Ongole - 523 001, Prakasam Dt., Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

In view of increasing bioavailability and percentage drug release by lymphatic drug delivery, Fosinopril loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by solvent emulsification and evaporation method. In vitro drug release studies revealed that 80% of the drug was being released from the optimized Fosinopril loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in 24hours. Optimized formulation and process parameters resulted in the production of Fosinopril loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with average particle size of 178.8 nm, zeta potential of -21mV and entrapment efficiency of 91.64% of 10 mg loading. In vitro characterization was carried out to evaluate the stability and release characteristics and kinetics. To analyze the release kinetics of drug from SLNs, drug release data was fitted into zero order, Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. Possible mechanisms for drug release might be anomalous diffusion or non-fickian diffusion. FTIR spectra, DSC thermograms revealed no significant interaction between drug and excipients. TEM photographs exhibited nanosized particles of Fosinopril. The stability studies performed for optimized SLN formulation at 4°C, 25°C, showed no significant change in % entrapment efficiency for one month. So, it was concluded that the optimized SLN formulation offers an efficient mode of delivery to the lipophilic antihypertensive drug, Fosinopril.

Keywords

Fosinopril, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Solvent Emulsification and Evaporation, Anti Hypertensive Drug.

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M. Tamilarasi ¹, C. Manishekar ¹, N. Ramakrishnan ¹, K. Ashok ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept.of ECE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, IN

Abstract

A modem modulates outgoing digital signals from a computer or other digital device to analog signals and demodulates the incoming analog signal and converts it to a digital signal for the digital device. Almost all the modems implemented on field programmable gate array (FPGA) concentrate only on the modulation and demodulation part. They do not take into account the processes involved before modulation at the transmitting end and the processes involved after the demodulation at the receiving end. This paper aims at implementing and testing a programmable modulation scheme using SpartanXC3S500E FPGA. The modulation scheme adopted in this paper/work is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). A modem is implemented on the FPGA to test the modulation scheme and a reduced instruction set computing processor (RISC) is used to program the modem. The feature of this implementation is the realization of a complete communication system which considers all the features right from packet formation to modulation at the transmitting end to the recovery and error free reconstruction of the transmitted message at the receiving end.

Keywords

FPGA, Modem, QPSK Modulation RISC Processor.

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V. Sudarshan ¹, B. Srinivas ¹, S. Shankar ¹, A. Narsimha ¹, A. Ravi Kumar ¹, S. Geetha ², K. Ashok ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Applied Geochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, MVSR College of Engineering, Nadergul, Hyderabad-501510, IN

Abstract

Hydrogeochemical investigations have been carried out in parts of Karimnagar district of Telangana to study the distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Gangadhara area. Eighty five groundwater samples were analyzed in January, 2013 (post-monsoon) and also in June, 2013 (pre-monsoon) for pH, Ec and Fluoride. It is observed that the groundwater in both the seasons is alkaline in nature. 39% of groundwater in post- monsoon and 23.52% of groundwater in pre-monsoon has higher concentration of Electrical conductivity than the prescribed limit. The higher values indicate that ionic concentrations are more in the groundwater. Nearly 65% of groundwater has more than the permissible limits of fluoride prescribed for drinking purpose in both post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons in the study area.

Keywords

Pre-Monsoon, Post-Mnsoon, Groundwater, Granitic Terrain, Fluoride Distribution, Electrical Conductivity, Karimnagar District, Telangana.

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R. Asokan ¹, Anil Rai ², Sangeetha Dash ¹, M. Manamohan ¹, K. Ashok ¹, C. N. Bhargava ¹, Rohan Wishard ¹, Sanjay Kumar Pradhan ¹, M. S. Parvathy ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake (PO), Bengaluru 560089, Karnataka, IN
2 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IN

Abstract

Genome editing mediated by programmable CRISPR/Cas system is a new, emerging technology that holds greater potential in developing genetic pest management strategies via precision guided sterile insect technique; genetic improvement of pollinators, natural enemies etc. The seemingly innocuous prokaryotic immunity has now been translated into a mammoth site specific editing technology for its use in medical, agricultural, diagnostic fields etc. Until recently most of the genome editing work was dependent on RNA directed site specific cleavage by Cas9 enzyme followed by error prone, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) resulting in random mutations. Later development of improved editing systems like base editor and prime editor have enabled obtaining site-specific, pre determined mutations without a double stranded break. Similarly many engineered Cas9 variants and other Cas proteins belonging to different class and types such as Cas3, Cas12a, Cas13a have improved the existing editing tool box. Currently efforts are being made to design and implement suitable gene drive methods for various pests such as spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) , many species mosquito, Med fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedem etc..

Keywords

CRISPR/Cas systems, genome editing, double strand break, guide RNA, gene knockout, insect pest management, PAM sequence, non-homologous pairing

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K. Ashok ¹, S. Pavithran ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Biology and morphometrics of Spodoptera litura (F.) was studied by rearing it on castor under laboratory conditions. Morphology of life stages i.e., egg, larva, pupa and adult along with development period were observed. The width of head capsule was observed at each moult as 0.19, 0.25, 0.45, 0.71, 1.31 and 2.13 mm, respectively. The mean growth ratio of S. litura was observed as 1.64, which indicated that increase in head width in instars was only slightly varying from Dyar’s law.

Keywords

Spodoptera litura, Castor, Biology, Morphometrics, Life Stages, Instars, Head Capsule, Growth Ratio, Dyar`s Law.

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