Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology

Nisha Nair ¹, Amrita Thakur ¹, Mukta Agrawal ¹, Juhi Thakur ¹, Shubhangi Gupta ¹, Bharti Sahu ¹, Devendra Kumar ¹, Indu Rai ¹, Jaya Sonkar ¹, Kalyani Sahu ¹, Kuldeep ¹, Kailash Kumar ¹, Muktanand ¹, Nidhi Kaushik ¹, Omkar Sahu ¹, Somsunder Sahu ¹, Umesh Kumar ¹, D. K. Tripathi ¹, Ajazuddin ¹, Amit Alexander ¹

Affiliations
1 Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai - 490024, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

As the demands of world biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries have increased, a need to develop and enhance, reaction stability, reusability and shelf life of enzymes has also become necessary. Hence noveltechnologies are needed to facilitate large-scale and economic formulations. Enzyme immobilization is a technique most apt to meet all the challenges in regards to enzyme activity. It provides immensescope for increasing availability of enzyme to the substrate and also increases product turn over, also increases the efficiency of an enzyme to a great extent. Immobilization of enzyme can be done by entrapment, support binding, cross-linking of enzyme crystals, etc. For immobilization, numerous natural and synthetic support materials are used. Nowadays, immobilized enzymes are much more preferred rather than their free counterpart because of their prolonged availability. Immobilized enzymesare widely used in pharmaceutical industries, cosmetic industries, food processing, biofuel production and many other sectors. The present study is performed for the motivation of the graduates towards publication and research. Hence, we have encouraged the graduates to prepare an informative article on the current subject.

Keywords

Immobilization, Adsorption, Cross-Linking, Microencapsulation, Covalent Bonding.

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Amrita Thakur ¹, Nisha Nair ¹, Mukta Agrawal ¹, Yashi Thakur ¹, Juhi Thakur ¹, Teman Nirmalkar ¹, Ved Prakash Verma ¹, Vibhash Gupta ¹, Vivek Singh Yadav ¹, Kalpana Mahilange ¹, Pooja Mahant ¹, Pritam Yadav ¹, Deepak Patel ¹, Dinesh Khamari ¹, Jyotsana Meshram ¹, Rakesh Sahu ¹, Tarun Ghatode ¹, D. K. Tripathi ¹, Ajazuddin ¹, Amit Alexander ¹

Affiliations
1 Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai - 490024, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

A plethora of research and industrial processes used microemulsion system after its discovery by Jack H. Shulman. The microemulsionis defined as clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, frequently in combination with a co-surfactant. They are solutions of oil, water,andamphiphile which are optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable. The aqueous phase present in the system contains salt(s) and other ingredients while the "oil" phase mainly forms a complex of different hydrocarbons and olefins. They do not require high shear conditions as compared to ordinary emulsions. Hence they are easy to prepare. Ultralow interfacial tension, large interfacial area, thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilize immiscible liquids are some of its unique properties. They also show the ability to protect labile drug, control drug release, increase drug solubility, increase bioavailability and reduce patient variability. Hence, microemulsion has gained most significance in both basictypes of research as well as in industry. They have wide applications and uses such as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cutting oils, biotechnology, food, agrochemicals, environmental detoxification, analytical applications, microporous media synthesis, etc. The microemulsion can be effectively used in dermal delivery because of its mechanism, hence can be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetics preparation. Microemulsion enhances the dermal absorption as they allow rapid penetration of active molecules due to the large surface area of the internal phase and their components reduce the barrier of stratum corneum. Thus, microemulsionisa promising vehicle for effective drug delivery. The current review article deals with information about the microemulsion. Also, the present study is performed for the motivation of the graduates towards publication and research. Hence, we have encouraged the graduates to prepare an informative article on the present subject.

Keywords

Microemulsion, Thermodynamically Stable, Bioavailability.

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Shubham Tripathi ¹, Somnath Patel ¹, Ritesh Patel ¹, Shraddha ¹, Pushpendra ¹, Sachin ¹, Neetish ¹, Mahendra ¹, Kuldeep ¹, Prashant ¹, Rajesh Patel ¹, Girish ¹, Nitin ¹, Tomanlal ¹, Amrita Thakur ¹, Mukta Agrawal ¹, Ajazuddin ¹, D. K. Tripathi ¹, Amit Alexander ¹

Affiliations
1 Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai - 490024, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

Many predefined ways are now a day adopted to interface with biological tissues. One such significant class of biomaterials are hydrogels, which are defined as highly hydrated materials. Hydrogels are designed to absorb a large amount of water or biological fluids due to its three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric network. They closely simulate natural living tissue, more so than any other class of synthetic biomaterials because of their high-water content, porosity,and soft consistency.They are chemically stable but may degrade and gradually disintegrate up to dissolve. Now a day they become more popular because of their unique property of flexibility and biocompatibility. Hydrogels can be produced by both natural and synthetic polymers. These polymers undergo physical and chemical cross-linking to produce hydrogels. Due to their resemblance to the living tissue, they have the immense possibility to use hydrogels in the biomedical field. Some of the well-known use of hydrogels include manufacturing contact lenses, hygiene products, tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery system and wound dressings. The current review article deals with information about the hydrogels, their various types, preparation methods along with an evaluation of the same.Also, the present study is performed for the motivation of the graduates towards publication and research. Hence, we have encouraged the graduates to prepare an informative article on the present subject.

Keywords

Hydrogel, Polymeric Network, Porosity, Biocompatibility, Biomedical.

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