Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Javad Haghnavaz ¹, Saiedjamaledden Alerasoul ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Islamic Thoughts, Jolfa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jolfa, IR

Abstract

Al-Andalus was the name used by the Muslim population of the Iberian Peninsula for the territory that was under Muslim rule from the times of the conquest in 711 CE until the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492. That territory varied through the centuries. During the Umayyad period (eighth-tenth centuries), Muslims ruled most of the regions of the Iberian Peninsula, with the exception of part of the lands situated north of the river Duero and south of the Pyrenees, where Christians managed to establish small independent kingdoms. A major shift in the balance of power between Muslims and Christians occurred in 1085, when Toledo, the former Visigothic capital, was lost forever to the Muslims when it fell into the hands of the king of Castile, Alfonso VI.

Keywords

Islam, Islamic History, Andalusia, Spain.

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Javad Haghnavaz ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Islamic Thoughts, Jolfa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jolfa, IR

Abstract

The history of Islam concerns the Islamic religion and its adherents, known as Muslims. Muslim is an Arabic word meaning one who submits to God. Muslims and their religion have greatly impacted the political, economic, and military history of the Old World, especially the Middle East, where lie its ischolar_mains. Though it is believed by non-Muslims to have originated in Mecca and Medina, Muslims believe that the religion of Islam has been present since the time of the prophet Adam. The Islamic world expanded to include people of the Islamic civilisation, inclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization. A century after the death of last Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Islamic empire extended from Spain in the west to Indus in the east. The subsequent empires such as those of the Abbasids, Fatimids, Almoravids, Seljukids, Ajuuraan, Adal and Warsangali in Somalia, Mughals in India and Safavids in Persia and Ottomans were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. The Islamic civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, nurses and philosophers during the Golden Age of Islam. Technology flourished; there was investment in economic infrastructure, such as irrigation systems and canals; and the importance of reading the Qur'an produced a comparatively high level of literacy in the general populace.

Keywords

Islamic Civilization, Islam, Islamic History, Geography of Arabia, Civil War.

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