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Microbial alkaline proteases are among the important hydrolytic enzyme and have been used extensively since the advent of enzymology. Bacterial extracellular alkaline proteases are of great importance due to its wide spectrum applications in detergent industries, bioremediation, food industries, and leather processing and bio-film degradation. From the various niches eighteen isolates were screened for alkaline protease production, out of which four isolates showed efficient alkaline protease production. Out of four bacterial species one of the isolate i.e. N. flavescence showed significant enzyme activity. Optimization of the pH and temperature conditions for enzyme production was determined and was found to be 7.0 and 60°C, respectively. Optimization of carbon, nitrogen sources and metal ions for enzyme production were determined and was found to be 4.64U/ml for sucrose, 0.91U/ ml for gelatin and 0.21U/ml for zinc chloride for the isolates. The yield of alkaline protease was inhibited by copper sulphate. Enzyme activity was assayed using tyrosine-casein method. The purified enzyme preparations of having enzyme activity 0.26U/ ml was also excellent in destaining of ink colour. The molecular weight of different bands of alkaline protease fromN. flavescence ranged from 25kD to 83kD.

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Resistance and tolerance are arbitrarily defined terms frequently interchangeable and after based on weather a given isolate can grow in the presence of selected heavy metal concentration in laboratory media. Total bacterial strains were isolated and screened on the basis of their heavy metal tolerance ability for cadmium and their PGPR activity. It was estimated that they have good tolerance power for cadmium the heavy metals and are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. If we study morphological aspects we can say that Gram negative rods are more efficient in tolerating heavy metals. In case of treatment I, fresh weight was increased 22.22 per cent and dry weight was increased 20.73 per cent compared to positive control. In case of treatment II, fresh weight was increased 42 per cent and dry weight was increased 20 per cent compared to negative control. In case of negative control, fresh weight was decreased 56.52 per cent and dry weight was decreased 50 per cent compared to positive control. By performing experiment it was proved that the cadmium concentration reduced significant percentage of chaulai fresh weight and dry weight but increased when treated with strain RCP 1.

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Resistance and tolerance are arbitrarily defined terms frequently interchangeable and after based on weather a given isolate can grow in the presence of selected heavy metal concentration in laboratory media. Total bacterial strains were isolated and screened on the basis of their heavy metal tolerance ability for cadmium and their PGPR activity. It was estimated that they have good tolerance power for cadmium, the heavy metals and are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. If we study morphological aspects we can say that Gram negative rods are more efficient in tolerating heavy metals. By performing different PGPR test it was proved that the isolated strains have PGPR activity can be used as biopesticides and biofertilizers. At pH 7 and 28⁰C temperature strain RCP 1 was resistant to heavy metal but at pH 9, the growth was inhibited in presence of heavy metal. There were high growth rate of strain RCP 1 at 28⁰C. Strain RCP 1 grew at neutral and alkaline pH also, but in presence of heavy metal growth was increased. In presence of heavy metal, strain RCP 1 increased the ischolar_main and shoot length as well as fresh and dry weight also. So, the microbes isolated from RCP 1 that must have good tolerance power and developed resistance mechanism for their survival and thus, can be helpful in bioremediation.

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The use of plant based drugs and chemicals for curing various ailments and personal adornment is as old as human civilization. Plants and plant-based medicaments are the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals we use today for our various ailments. Methanolic extracts of dried leaves of Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica and Phyllanthus emblica were used for the comparative study of phytochemical constituents. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed for the detection of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and reducing sugar. The highest yield of methanolic extract was found in Azadirachta indica (29.08%). Ocimum sanctum contained all the chemicals except flavonoids and reducing sugar, however, the Colquhounia coccinea lacked alkaloids and reducing sugar.

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Plant extracts continues the numerous searches for more effective drugs of plant origin which are less toxic and available for low socio-economic population in the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The potential for developing antibacterial from higher plants appears rewarding as it will result to the development of a phytomedicine to act against microbes. The Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Phyllanthus emblica extracts were tested for antibacterial activity by spread plate method against four pathogens Escherichia. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Nessieria flavescenes,. It was found that gram negative bacteria were largely inhibited by the extract of amlathan that of neem and tulsi. The zone of inhibition was measured which showed that extract of amla was of high antibacterial activity as compared to meem and tulsi. Methanol extracts were more active than the aqueous extract against all the bacteria. The zones of inhibition were ranging from 1- 3.5 cm in diameter. The highest zone of inhibitions (3.5cm) was noted in methanol extract of P. emblica against S. aureus. The highest yield of methanolic extract was found in Azadiracta indica (29.08%). The extract of Ocimum sanctum and Phyllanthus emblica were most effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

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β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) was extracted from ischolar_mains of Hordeum vulgare and was purified using ammonium sulphate fractional precipitation and sephadex G-25 chromatography. The molecular weight of enzyme was found in the range of 17-54KDa .The enzyme β-glucosidase has optimum pH 5.0 and the optimum temperature was found at 60^ºC. Bioethanol was produced from ischolar_mains of Hordeum vulgare.

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Ocimum americanum has been used extensively in the traditional system of medicine in many countries. It is widely used in folk medicine as antimalarial and anticonvulsant drug. Its juices are used in pain, cough, cold, malaria, etc. Oils extracted from its leaves have antifungal, antibacterial and antiseptic properties. Plants grown in vitro may have difference in some aspects with those grown in vivo. The study done here showed the difference between the DNA and protein contents of the plant grown in vitro and in vivo using the technique, agarose gel electrophoresis. The difference in the size of DNA segments obtained shows that the plants grown in vitro have smaller DNA segments, some segment might also be broken. This could largely affect the proteins produced after translation which may be useful or even harmful in many ways. Maximum shoot multiplication was observed when concentration of BAP was 2000μl and NAA 20 μl and maximum ischolar_main formation was observed when NAA concentration was 2000 μl and BAP concentration was 100 μl. Using Lowry’s method, the total protein content found in plant grown in in vivo conditions was 16.20 per cent whereas plant grown in in vitro condition had 10.00 per cent protein content, it was found that DNA of in vitro plant was smaller in size than in vivo plant.This study can prove to be a major threshold for further studies on the plant. Difference in DNA and protein contents can make large changes in its properties.

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A highly lipase producing Bacillus sp. was isolated from soil under optimized culture conditions such as medium pH, temperature, incubation period, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, lipid sources and various surfactants at different concentrations. The medium pH of 7.0 and temperature of 40^oC were optimum for maximizing lipase production. The maximal yield of lipase production by Bacillus sp. was obtained after incubation periods ranging between 3 and 4 days. Casein produced maximum lipase (6.5±0.015) U/ml) as compared to others nitrogen sources and the medium containing starch was more suitable for maximum lipase (15.60±0.20) U/ml) production than other carbon sources. The gingily oil was found to be most suitable for maximizing the lipase production (20.52±0.20) U/ml). The studies on the influence of surfactants on lipase production revealed that maximum lipase production was induced by tween-20 ((27.10±0.01) U/ml).

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In this study the thermotolerant bacterial indicators E.coli and Klebsiella were isolated from the water samples of rivers Ganges and Yamuna from various sampling stations. Antibiotic susceptibility revealed the MDR among most of the thermotolerant bacterial species. In case of metal tolerance the thermotolerant species were found to be highly tolerant towards most of the metals tested. The curing pattern for the resistance traits were tested and found that the curing effect was observed in thermotolerant species. The resistant traits were found to be plasmid borne and were able to transfer their resistance to the sensitive ones. Presence of plasmid DNA was also observed in resistant strains of thermotolerant species which were found to be cured. The plasmids were of small to medium size. All the strains possess only one plasmid. The study demonstrates that the resistance to antibiotic and metal ions were found to be generally associated with transmissible R-plasmid.

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In the present study the samples were collected from mouth for isolation of bacterial species using spreading and streaking techniques. The isolated bacterial species were identified by performing various biochemical tests. Different extracts of green tea were prepared in different solvents like ethanol, methanol, propanol of different concentrations to check the antibacterial activity of green tea on bacteria isolated from mouth. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in green tea (Tetley) extract in methanol 90 per cent (3.5cm) and minimum was observed in propanol 30 per cent (1.4 cm) in Tetley green tea. Thus, from present study it was found that the green tea extracts exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties. The green tea extract helped in destroying the pathogenic bacteria present in mouth, thus preventing diseases.

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Tomato is a significant vegetable crop of special economic importance, ranking second to potato in the world. As genetic composition of a variety is its ultimate identity, achieving and maintaining genetic purity in crops is an important both from agronomic as well as breeding point of view. The present investigation was carried out to identify polymorphic primers where it can distinguish the hybrid parental line and utilization of this marker for further genotyping in the hybrid population. Towards this, 18 random decamer primers (RAPD), were screened between hybrid 2 parental lines, out of which only one primer (OPAO9) showed polymorphism and also study the tomato hybrid 2 parental lines consisted of 42 plants were analysed by using SSR Marker and only one primer (TGS0100) was found to be polymorphic which showed difference in banding pattern with hybrid 2 parental lines (male and female) and to check the genetic purity through protein analysis in the given tomato hybrid 2 parental lines (male and female). It was successfully reproduced in the hybrids. Thus, the present investigation shows the efficiency of RAPD and SSR marker as a molecular tool for genetic purity analysis. Hence, this marker was employed in the hybrid population. Furthermore DUS characters were also taken in the hybrids and parental lines. The results were correlating with the molecular data. Therefore, molecular GOT can be effectively employed in hybrid lots for purity checking. This could be better and fast technology than field GOT and it will be more useful for the quality assessment in the seed industries.

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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is among the most important pathogens that forms a biofilm and thus, affecting the humans. Biofilm has always been a threat in health-care associated infections. Biofilm is formed when a microorganism stick together on a surface and frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). This EPS is generally composed of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a well known and a type of ‘staph’ bacteria that are resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents and thus, making it more difficult to treat. MRSA universally attach to surfaces and produce biofilm, especially with implants of medical devices such as urinary catheters, orthopaedic implants, cardiac pacemakers, tracheal and ventilator tubing etc. and thus, causing infections. Biofilms particularly are difficult to treat in medical situations is because of their increasing resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, there is a continuing need to develop newer methods of treating MRSA infections. Several in-vitro studies have shown that phages can be used to infect biofilm cells. Depolymerases can penetrate the inner layer of the biofilm by degrading the components of the biofilm exopolymeric matrix and this happens when the phages induce the production of depolymerases. The review highlights the use of bacteriophage for the control of MRSA. In addition, the concept of bacteriophage therapy may open a new horizon in controlling infections such as those caused by MRSA.

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