Optimization: Journal of Research in Management https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Optim Optimization: Journal of Research in Management is a bi-annual peer reviewed journal of G.L. Bajaj Institute of Management and Research, Greater Noida. It aims at bridging the gap between the known and the unknown, between theory and practice and also between perspectives of academics and those of the corporate world. It consists of multi-disciplinary, interdisciplinary empirical and conceptual research work dedicated towards advances in contemporary and futuristic research in the area of management. The Journal focuses on empirical and applied research that is relevant to practicing managers and meets the standards of academic rigor. Publishing India Group en-US Optimization: Journal of Research in Management 0974-0988 Malaysian Tourists’ Motivation, Involvement of Southeast Asia Tourist:A Case Study of Singapore and Bangkok https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Optim/article/view/206713 Tourism in Southeast Asia is a very popular past time activity with strong government support for tourism within Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. These destinations consist of Singapore and Bangkok, Thailand, as well as others by Malaysian tourists. Therefore, it is of interest to examine the travel behavior of Malaysian tourists who visit these destinations for tourism. The impetus this research is to better understand how a select group of tourists from Malaysia perceive their experiences factors influencing motivation. The purpose of this study is to explore the involvement of Malaysian tourists towards a select part of Southeast Asia: Singapore and Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 394 usable surveys were collected from a sample of Malaysian tourists in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The study identified that Malaysian tourists are mostly young well-educated adult females with a high level of involvement in tourism and tend to travel alone or with families. Involvement to travel and the selection of the travel destination were multi-faceted. Malaysian tourists indicated high motivation to revisit and recommend Singapore and Bangkok to friends and relatives. Daniel L. Spears Bharath M. Josiam Pitchayapa Virojphan Amanda Ooi 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 11 Management of Drugs Rehabilitation Strategies in Kachin State https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Optim/article/view/206714 This paper reports on a programme of qualitative research and ethnographic observation aiming to discover the nature of the management of rehabilitation of drug offenders in Kachin State in northern Myanmar. Although the growing and use of opium in Kachin State is a tradition of longstanding, it has recently reached unprecedented levels as its sale has become essential in prolonging the armed struggle for autonomy pursued by the Kachin Independence Army and which has considerable support in society. This results in a large number of drugs offenders. Are there opportunities for such people to be rehabilitated and reintegrated into society in a positive way? This is the central question of this study. It is found that currently rehabilitation programmes are largely successful and unpleasant. It is also found that they are mostly administered by religious bodies and it is likely to be through church-based networks that any change might be effected. Jen Lomethong John Walsh 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 11 Factors Affecting the Use of Online Flight Booking in Ethiopian Airlines https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Optim/article/view/206715 The rapidly growing Information and Communication technology (ICT) is knocking the front door of every organization in the world. Online shopping has changed the way business is done & it has made international shopping very easy. As one of the e-commerce categories, eticketing system nowadays is being actively and widely practiced. Due to the slow grabbling of ECommerce and E-payment in Ethiopia, the utilization of e-ticketing in Ethiopian Airlines is an important issue that should be addressed to improve the deficiency of the system. This research aims to identify the factors that affect the use of E-Ticketing in EAL based on extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989). The study was made by collecting data from 399 respondents on Ethiopian Airlines flights.The results obtained from analysis confirmed that Relative Advantage,Perceived Ease of Use,Perceived Trust andawareness and usageof E-ticketing are found to be having a positive significant relationship with adoption of E-Ticketing while perceived risk has shown a negative significant relationship.The research, therefore, suggests to EAL to promote the E-Ticketing services aggressively through appropriate media to increase users awareness and usage on the advantage of E-ticketing services. Abdurezak Mohammed Kuhil Roda Temesge 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 11 A Study of Mobile App Based Household Purchasing by Working Women in a Developing Country: An Empirical Validation of Theory of Planned Behaviour https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Optim/article/view/206716 Mobile app based shopping is growing rapidly nowadays. The working women in developing country particularly India has to play the dual responsibility. At one end they are busy in their jobs while in other end they have to take care about household duties. The mobile app based household purchasing provide the convenient way to the working women in developing country to maintain the responsibilities. The prevalence of app based purchasing has raised the interest of the retailers to focus on this area. Therefore, the theory of planned behaviour applied to determine the relationship between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and mobile app based purchasing as well as the purchase intention. The working women in major cities of Madhya Pradesh above 18 years old were selected as the subject of analysis. 325 out of 500 sets of questionnaires distributed were valid for coding, analyzing and testing the hypothesis. Collected data were then analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The multiple regression analysis used to examine the model fits and hypothesis testing. The conclusion can be depicted that attitude, subjective norm and perceived usefulness significant positively influence online purchase. Finding also revealed that purchase intention positively influence online shopping behavior. In the end the implications, and future research direction for the study was also presented. Anil Kumar 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 11 Impact of Economic Growth and Trade Openness on Foreign Exchange Reserves in Indian Economy https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Optim/article/view/206717 The present study analyses empirically the effect of economic growth and trade openness on international reserves in India. The study employed time series data with annual frequency from 1996 to 2016. The study developed an econometric model relating RES to ECON and TRDOP variables and used logarithmic transformation of the variables for econometric estimation. The econometric tools such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen co integration test and vector error correction model were applied. The co integration test results suggest that there is an existence of a stable long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The vector error correction model (VECM) of international reserves reveals that lagged independent variables shows the expected signs i. e. economic growth and trade openness have significant effect on international reserves. Findings of the study suggest that economic growth and trade opennessis positively related to international reserves. This implies that the authorities of Indian economy have to involve more actively in foreign reserve management practices. Mohammad Kashif Ujjawal K. Tonk Sheeba Ruhi 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 11 Factors for Successful Lubricant Brand: A Study of Positioning Strategies in Indian Lubricant Market https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Optim/article/view/206718 Brand Positioning as the act of designing the company’s offer so that it occupies a distinct and valued place in the mind of the target customers. Brand Positioning is the process of promoting buyers to form a particular mental impression of our product relative to our competitors. Brand Positioning is a ‘part of brand identity and value proposition that is to be actively communicated to the target audience, and that demonstrates an advantage over competing brands. A brand could develop distinction in a chosen field by developing associations related to product performance. It focuses on the brand’s delivery on the functionality expected by customers. The brand could develop associations on the intrinsic product dimensions like durability, reliability, price, style or service. This research paper focuses on the need of brand positioning of automotive lubricant in Indian market. This study represents an approach of factor analysis to determine the effect of brand positioning of lubricant on consumer perception. An empirical study has been conducted in Delhi region to find out the perceptions of consumers towards the automotive lubricants. Survey has been conducted with the help of structured questionnaire to determine the different attributes responsible for brand positioning lubricant oil. Factor analysis has been done to reduce the number of factors and identifying only the important factors for brand positioning of automotive lubricant for four wheeler segments. Further, reliability test has been conducted to test the reliability of the important factors. Gautam Srivastava Sandhya Rai 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 11