Journal of Pharmaceutical Research https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JPRKCP <div id="i-scholarabout">The journal covers entire spectra of pharmaceutical research like conventional fields of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology as well as those related to synthesis and processing of pharmaceuticals, molecular modeling, rational drug design, combinatorial and computational chemistry, characterization, toxicity studies, pharmacological evaluation, product development, industrial pharmacy, pharmaceutical technology, dosage form design, targeted drug delivery, stability of drugs, biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pro – drug concept, pharmaceutical analysis, standardization and evaluation of raw materials and formulations, clinical pharmacy, adverse drug reactions, therapeutic drug monitoring, metabolic disposition of bioactive agents, pharmaceutical engineering, protein – peptide chemistry, biotechnology directly related to pharmaceutical technology, phytochemistry, phytopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, herbal drug research, phytopharamcology, regulations on drug development and any other novel vista in pharmaceutical research.</div> Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy en-US Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 0093-7200 Personalized Medicine https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JPRKCP/article/view/183082 Personalized medicine is a multi-faceted approach in patient care, that not only improves our ability to diagnose and treat disease, but offers the potential to detect disease at an earlier stage, when it is easier to treat effectively. Suresh Nagpal 2018-06-01 2018-06-01 17 Effect of Candesartan Cilexetil on the Blood Glucose Levels of Glimepiride in Normal and Diabetic Albino Rats https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JPRKCP/article/view/183083 <strong>Background:</strong> Co administration of two or more medications to a patient is called polypharmacy. Hence, much attention is required to study the possible drug interaction in the prescription, to reduce the influence of one drug action on the another. Accordingly, the effect of candesartan cilexetil was studied on the blood glucose levels of glimepiride treated normal and diabetic rats. <strong>Method:</strong> Effect of blood glucose levels were studied by using Candesartan cilexetil and Glimepiride in normal and diabetic albino male rats at a dose of 1.44 mg/kg and 0.09 mg/kg, respectively. The blood samples were collected during the study at the time intervals of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours. The samples were subjected to estimation of blood glucose levels using glucometer. <strong>Results:</strong> The present study was conducted in both normal and diabetic rats. Glimepiride showed its hypoglycemic effect at the 4<sup>th</sup> hour, whereas candesartan cilexetil doesn’t show any changes in blood glucose levels in both normal and diabetic rats. In normal rats, candesartan cilexetil doesn’t affect on the blood glucose levels of glimepiride in both single and multiple dose studies. In diabetic rats, the candesartan cilexetil showed significant action on blood glucose levels of glimepiride in multiple dose interaction study but the insignificant effect of candesartan cilexetil in single dose interaction on glimepiride. Hence, the interaction was carefully monitored in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study suggested that candesartan cilexetil has a profound effect on blood glucose levels of glimepiride on long term use; the possible mechanism for the cause is either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors improve insulin sensitivity or inhibition of CYP2C9. The study also recommended that caution must be taken while prescribing with the combination of candesartan cilexetil and glimepiride or its analogs. P. Srinivasulu Ramesh Babu P. Pavan Kumar CH. Aruna Kumar S. Vidyadhara 2018-06-01 2018-06-01 17 Variation in the Composition of the Essential Oils, Hypericin and Mineral Elements in Aerial Parts, Stem and Flower of <i>Hypericum capitatum</i> (CHOISY) Growing in Turkey with Oxidative DNA Damage Protective Activity https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JPRKCP/article/view/183084 <strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> <em>Hypericum</em> species (<em>Guttiferae</em>) are of important for developing pharmaceutical drugs as herbal remedies, due to fact that their rich phytochemical compounds, besides, wide range of biological properties. Among the species, <em>Hypericum capitatum</em> CHOISY var. <em>capitatum</em> CHOISY, an endemic medicinal plant, naturally distributes in the Southeastern region of Turkey. Thus, we aimed to carry out a comprehensive investigation on determining phytochemical content, as well as determining essential oil composition and mineral concentration of the aerial parts, stem and flowers of the plant. Moreover, potential DNA protective capacity of the extracts from the plant was evaluated in the presented research. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Quantification of hypericin content in methanol extracts was measured by spectrophotometric method and the content of hypericin (%) calculated. Essential oil composition of the parts of the plant was performed using GC-FID and GC-MS, and concentration of major and trace elements determined by ICP-OES. DNA protective activity of the water and ethanol extracts from stem, leaves and flowers of the plant were assigned using pBR322 plasmid DNA in the presence of UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. <strong>Results:</strong> Chromatographic analysis results were showed that nonane and α-pinene amounting to 90.72% were major components for stem, while, α-pinene, undecane and cis-ocimene by rate of 83.75% were major components for aerial parts of the plant, in addition, hypericin content in the flowers was found 0.029%. Regarding of mineral contents, concentration of sixteen mineral were determined for each parts, and most of the determined concentrations were found in accordance with tolerable limits of FAO/WHO for human consumption. As for DNA protection potential of the extracts of the plant, they exhibited powerful DNA protective potential even at the lowest concentration (25μg/ml). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results revealed that the plant has a substantial potential for developing novel drugs in pharmaceutical industry. Nazim Sekeroglu Muge Karaoglan Sevgi Gezici Muhittin Kulak Faruk Ozkutlu Oya Kacar Fatih Gul 2018-06-28 2018-06-28 17 Chemoendocrine Metronomic Therapy of Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer by Taxanes or Capecitabine in Combination with Aromatase Inhibitors https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JPRKCP/article/view/183085 The intense anticancer therapy using conventional cytostatic drugs is accompanied by serious side effects that restrict the application of the cytostatic drugs. Metronomic therapy as a modern method for administration of low doses of cytostatic agents that in combination with other anticancer drugs induce long lasting tumor dormancy with minimal side effects. <strong>Aim:</strong> We aimed our study at investigation of the efficacy of a contemporary chemoendocrine metronomic therapy, including cytostatic drugs, such as paclitaxel or capecitabine, in combination with aromatase inhibitors (AI, anastrozole, letrozole), in the treatment of estrogen recepor-positive breast cancer. <strong>Presentation of Case:</strong> The patient (74 years old) was initially diagnosed with advanced stage pT4bpN2Mx of infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma with lymph, lung and bone metastases. <strong>Discussion:</strong> Based on high estrogen receptor sensitivity in 67-100% of the analysed tumor cells, endocrine therapy was applied after mastectomy. However, progression of the disease required involvement of systemic cytostatic agents in the therapy. Following the achievements of the contemporary medicine, chemoendocrine metronomic therapeutical protocols, including combination of anastrozole with taxane or capecitabine, were found to induce rapid and continuous disease remission. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This case report demonstrated rapid achievement of continuous remission by a contemporary chemoendocrine metronomic treatment of metastatic ER-positive breast cancer in all stages of the therapy: systemic anticancer treatment with weekly paclitaxel plus anastrozole, followed by anastrozole plus low doses of capecitabine and analogous maintenance therapy. The results can be explored in future clinical trials about synergy between hormone inhibitors and cytostatic agents in combination anticancer therapies. Jian-wei Li Xiao-qing Jia Diana Ivanova 2018-06-01 2018-06-01 17 Some Chemical Compounds of <i>Cichorium intybus</i> L. Species Distributed in Van Region https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JPRKCP/article/view/183086 <em>Cichorium intybus </em>L. is a perennial plant species included the <em>Asteraceae</em> family and <em>Cichorium</em> genus. It is known as “Beyaz Hindiba” in the Turkey.<em> C. intybus</em> shows spread generally in Europe, West Asia and North Africa. In Turkey, it is in almost every region. The ischolar_mains of this plant are used commonly in the treatment of diseases such as high fever, anorexia, headache, inflammation, indigestion, gout, skin allergy, asthma, colic, epilepsy and pharyngitis from time immemorial. In the study, it is aimed to determine some nutrients and mineral substance contents of <em>C. intybus</em> which is naturally grown around the Van lake in the Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey. In plant samples, some nutrients and mineral contents such as total ash, crude protein, pH, crude cellulose and N, Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Co have been investigated. As a result of the research; it has been determined as crude protein ratio 9.53%, pH 6.25, total nitrogen content 1.53 %, crude ash content 6.21% and crude cellulose content 41.60%. In addition, while some mineral substance contents were determined as K 14.05 g/kg, Ca 12.25 g/kg, P 1.59 g/kg, Mn 20.04 mg/kg, Fe 161.68 mg/kg and Zn 18.84 mg/kg, heavy metal content were determined as Cr 0.09 mg/kg, Cd 0.15 mg/kg, Co 1.33 mg/kg and Pb 0.14 mg/kg. Murat Tuncturk Ruveyde Tuncturk Tamer Eryigit Lutfi Nohutcu 2018-06-01 2018-06-01 17 Determination of Antimicrobial Effect and DNA Interaction of Two Endemic <i>Rhaponticoides</i> Species (<i>R. mykalea</i> and <i>R. hierroi</i>) https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JPRKCP/article/view/183087 <strong>Purpose:</strong> This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial effect and DNA interaction of two endemic <em>Rhaponticoides</em> species (<em>R. mykalea </em>and<em> R. hierroi</em>) which are distributed in Turkey. Ethanol and methanol extracts of leaf and stem parts of <em>R. mykalea </em>and<em> R. hierroi</em> were used in this study. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by agar well method and evaluated on <em>Bacillus cereus</em> NRRL B-3711, <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> ATCC 6633, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 25923, <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> ATCC 29212, <em>Enterococcus hirae</em> ATCC 9790, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 35218, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 25922, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, <em>Klebsiella pneumaniae</em> ATCC 13883, <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> ATCC 14028, <em>Candida albicans</em> ATCC 10231, <em>Candida krusei</em> ATCC 6258 and <em>Candida tropicalis</em> Y-12968. For comparison, ampicillin, chloramphenicol (antibacterial) and ketoconazole (antifungal) were used as standard antibiotics. The diameter of the inhibition zones, formed after incubation, is measured in mm. The DNA interaction of plants extracts were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis method. The effect of extracts on DNA was measured for 24 and 48 hours. Furthermore, the nucleotide linkage of the substances was investigated by restriction enzyme digestion. <strong>Results:</strong> <em>R. hierroi</em> methanol extract formed against to <em>E. coli</em> ATCC 35218, 10.67 ± 0.47 mm; against to <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25923, 12 ± 0.82 mm and against to <em>K. pneumaniae</em> ATCC 13883, 13.33 ± 0.47 mm inhibition zone diameter. <em>R. hierroi</em> ethanol extract formed against to <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25923, 12.67 ± 0.94 mm; against to <em>B. subtilis</em> ATCC 6633, 10.33 ± 0.47 mm inhibition zone diameter. <em>R. mykalea</em> methanol extract formed against to <em>P. vulgaris</em> RSKK 96029, 13 ± 1.41 mm; against to <em>K. pneumaniae</em> ATCC 13883, 12.33 ± 0.47 mm; against to <em>B. cereus</em> NRRL B – 3711, 11.67 ± 0.47 mm and against to <em>P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, 12 ± 0 mm inhibition zone diameter. <em>R. mykalea</em> ethanol extract formed against to <em>E. hirae</em> ATCC 9790, 11.67 ± 0.47 mm; against to <em>K. Pneumaniae</em> ATCC 13883, 11.33 ± 0.47 mm and against to <em>P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, 12 ± 0 mm inhibition zone diameter. Likewise, the extracts were observed to cause DNA breaks and bound to both A/A and G/G nucleotides by restriction enzyme digestion experiments. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In this study, it has been determined that the extracts obtained from <em>R. hierroi</em> and <em>R. mykalea</em> plants have antimicrobial activity on at least one or more microorganisms. The<em> R. mykalea</em> methanol extract was found to be more effective than the others. The highest inhibition zone diameter was determined against <em>R. hierroi</em> methanol extract <em>K. pneumoniae</em> ATCC 13883 strain (13,33 ± 0,47 mm). It has been determined that the extracts had a concentration and time-dependent effect on the DNA and this effect and is in the form of DNA cutting activity. The strongest effect was observed at high concentration, while at other concentrations, form III DNA was observed which formed a double chain fracture outcome. Yavuz Bagci Leyla Acik Suleyman Dogu Merve Cam 2018-06-01 2018-06-01 17