Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78)

K. S. Balasubramaniam ¹, A. L. Paropkari ², R. Nagarajan ¹

Affiliations
1 Geology Section, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 400076, IN
2 National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, IN

Abstract

Laboratory studies of three bauxitic profiles from Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu suggest that plagioclase feldspar alters to gibbsite via halloysite and not from kaolinite. The alteration characteristics of feldspars and the morphological aspects of clays leading to the genesis of bauxites were studied under electron microscope.

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R. Nagarajan ¹, J. S. Armstrong-Altrin ², R. Nagendra ³, J. Madhavaraju ⁴, J. Moutte ⁵

Affiliations
1 School of Civil Engineering, Sastra University, Thanjavur - 61 3 402,, IN
2 Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universdad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Crudad Universitaria, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4 5, Pachuca, Hidalgo 42 1 84, MX
3 Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai - 600 025, IN
4 Institute do Geologia, Estacion Regional del Noroeste, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apart Postal 1039, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, MX
5 Centre SpiNC, Ecole des Mines, 158 cours Fauriel, F 42023, Sant-Etienne, FR

Abstract

Petrographic, major, trace, and rare earth element compositions of quartz arenites, arkoses, and siltstones of Neoproterozoic Rabanpalli Forrnation of Bhima Basin have been investigated to understand the provenance. The quartz arenites, arkoses, and siltstones have large variations in major element concentrations. For example, quartz arenites and arkoses contain the hlgher Si0₂ (average with one standard deviation being 97±1,73±2,respectively) and lower Al₂O₃ (0 95±0 4, 9 6±O 9, respectlvely) concentrations than siltstones (SiO₂=64±4, A1₂0₃=14±1), which is mainly due to the presence of quartz and absence of other Al-bearing minerals in relation with rock types. This is also supported by our petrography, since quartz arenites and arkoses contain significant amount of quartz relative to feldspar and lithic fragments. The observed low CIA values and A-CN-K diagram suggest that the sedimentary rocks of Rabanpalli Formation have undergone K-metasomatism.

The Co, Ni, Cr, Ba, Zr, Hf, and Th values are higher in siltstones than quartz arenites and arkoses. The EU/EU^*, (La/LU)_en, La/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Co, Th/Cr, Cr/Th ratios, and Cr, Ni, V, and Sc values strongly suggest that these sediments were mainly derived from the felsic source rocks. This interpretation is also supported by the Th/Sc versus Sc bivariate and La-Th-Sc triangular plots. The rare earth element (REE) patterns of these rocks also support their derivation from felsic source rocks. Further more, these rocks exhibit higher LREE/HREE ratio (8±4) and a significant negative Eu anomaly (0 77±0 16), which indicate the felsic igneous rocks as a possible source rocks.

Keywords

Geochemistry, Paleoweathering, Provenance, K-Metasomatism, Sandstone, Bhima Basin, Karnataka.

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D. Bakkiaraj ¹, R. Nagendra ¹, R. Nagarajan ², John S. Armstrong-Altrin ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai - 600 025, IN
2 Department of Applied Geology, School of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, MY
3 Unidad Academica de Geologia Marina y Ambiental, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F., C.P. 04510, MX

Abstract

Major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) composition of sandstones from the Upper Cretaceous Sillakkudi Formation, Ariyalur Group, Cauvery Basin were studied to decipher their weathering and provenance history. Texturally, these sandstones are immature, poorly sorted and grain supported. Abundance of feldspars especially, plagioclase indicates rapid deposition of sediments from a nearby source rocks. Using the geochemical classification diagram the Sillakkudi sandstones are classified as fe-sand, quartz arenite, litharenite, sub-litharenite, sub-arkose, arkose, and wacke types, which is also supported by the petrography study. The transition trace elements like Co, Ni, and V are higher in the Sillakkudi sandstones than upper continental crust (UCC) values. However, the Sillakkudi sandstones are lower in Cr (mean ∼21) content than average UCC value (∼35). The poor correlation between Cr and Ni (r = 0.08, number of samples n = 20) imply that these sandstones were derived from felsic source rocks. Similarly, the Eu/Eu* (0.35-1.73), La/Sc (1.93-9.36), Th/Sc (0.41-6.57), Th/Co (0.14-5.01), Th/Cr (0.23-2.94), and Cr/Th (0.34-4.28) ratios support a felsic source for the Sillakkudi sandstones. The significant enrichment of Zr, Hf, and Th in fe-sand, sub-arkose and litharenite could be related to the presence of heavy minerals, especially zircon. However, the zircon geochemistry did not affect the REE distribution and its patterns in the Sillakkudi sandstones. The Chondrite normalized REE patterns of Sillakkudi sandstones are characterized by relatively flat HREE (Gd/Yb_CN = ∼0.73-2.41; subscript _CN refers to chondrite normalized value), enriched LREE (La/Sm_CN = ∼3.39-5.82) and negative Eu anomaly (mean value Eu/Eu* = 0.80). The Gd/Yb_CN ratios (∼0.73-2.50) are less than 2.5, which suggest that these Sillakkudi sandstones were derived from the less HREE depleted source rocks. The comparison of REE patterns and its Eu anomalies to the source rocks reveals that the Sillakkudi sandstones received a major contribution of sediments from Dharwar craton.

Keywords

Geochemistry, Zircon, Sandstones, Upper Cretaceous, Sillakkudi, Cauvery Basin.

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John S. Armstrong-Altrin ¹, J. Madhavaraju ², Alcides N. Sial ³, Juan J. Kasper-Zubillaga ¹, R. Nagarajan ⁴, K. Flores-Castro ⁵, Janet Luna Rodriguez ⁵

Affiliations
1 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Unidad de Geologia Marina y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior s/n, 04510, Mexico D.F., MX
2 Estacion Regional del Noroeste, Instituto de Geologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, MX
3 Nucleo de Estudos Geoquimicos e Laboratorio de Isotopos Estaveis (NEG - LABISE), Departmento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Caixa Posta 7852, 50670-000 Recife, BR
4 Department of Applied Geology, School of Engineering and Science, Curtin University of Technology, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, MY
5 Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Ciudad Universitaria, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184 Pachuca, Hidalgo,, MX

Abstract

Petrography and stable isotopes (carbon and oxygen) geochemistry of limestones from the El Abra Formation, Actopan, were studied to identify their digenetic environments. The major petrographic types identified are mudstone, wackestone, grainstone, and boundstone. Most of the studied samples show positive δ¹³C values, except two samples (2 and 28), which are slightly negative values (-0.27‰ and -0.02‰). The organic remains identified in foraminiferal wackestone type can be responsible for the negative δ¹³C values. The δ¹⁸O values range from -12.41‰ to -4.02‰ and indicate meteoric diagenesis.

Keywords

Carbonate Rocks, Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes, Diagenesis, Hidalgo State, Mexico.

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