- R. C. Misra
- G. Raja Gopalan
- A. C. Nanda
- G. C. Suresh
- T. Upendra
- D. D. Joshi
- R. Sanwal
- S. K. Tandon
- A. B. Roy
- R. S. Rana
- P. K. Sharma
- P. Dey
- N. H. Hashimi
- M. C. Pathak
- P. Jauhari
- R. R. Nair
- A. K. Sharma
- S. S. Bhakuni
- M. K. S. Bisht
- A. C. Narayana
- J. Swami Nath
- K. R. Subrahmanya
- U. Raval
- B. S. Kotlia
- J. R. Trivedi
- K. Gopalan
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Valdiya, K. S.
- The Calc Zone of Pithoragarh, with Special Reference to the Occurrence of Stromatolites
Authors
1 Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 2, No 0 (1961), Pagination: 78-90Abstract
The paper records the occurrence of stromatolitic structures, ascribed to the algal genus Collenia, from the dolomitic limestone of Pithoragarh, U. P. Overlying this limestone is an extensive band of magnesite. It is tentatively suggested that the magnesite deposit is the result of primary precipitation of magnesium carbonate, aided by the activity of algae.
The limestones, dolomitic limestones, shales and slates, including the stromatolite-lime. stone and magnesite beds constitute a distinct formation which may be designated as the Calc Zone of Pithoragarh. On the basis of lithology, stratigraphical position and the evidence of stromatolitic structure, this Calc Zone of Pithoragarh appears to be the equivalent of the Deoban limestone of the Chakrata area. It is not possible at this stage to state definitely, as to which specific geological period this zone belongs. It may, however, be stated with some confidence that it lies somewhere between Precambrian and early Ordovician.
- Neotectonic Lake and Vertebrate Fossils in Hemavati Catchment, Hassan District, Karnataka
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore - 560 064, IN
2 Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow - 226 007, IN
3 Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun - 248 001, IN
4 Government Science College, Chikamagalur - 577 101, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 55, No 3 (2000), Pagination: 229-237Abstract
Neotectonic reactivation of an ancient shear zone as active faults in the upper catchment of the Hemavati River caused ponding of a petty stream, resulting in the formation of a more than 10 km long take. Carbonaceous clay and mud characterized by abundant calcareous concretions including rhizocretions represent the lake that originated nearly 14 ka ago and dried up about 1300 yr B.P. In the upper 2-m sequence of the lake sediments were found remains of vertebrate animals which lived near the swamp in the terrain experiencing conditions of increasing dryness in the environment. The fragmentary nature of the fossils does not allow generic identification of the animals belonging to the Family Bovidae.Keywords
Palaeolake, Active Faults, Bovid Fossils, Late Pleistocene to Holocene.- An Outline of the Stratigraphy and Structure of the Southern Part of Pithoragarh District, Uttar Pradesh
Authors
1 Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 3 (1962), Pagination: 27-48Abstract
Three stratigraphical formations have been recognized in the southern part of the frontier district of Pithoragarh. (i) The Calc Zone, (consisting of dolomitic and cherty limestones, slates, stromatolite-limestone and magnesite beds), has been compared with the Deoban Limestone, Shali Series and the Naldera-Kakarhatti-Limestone of the Simla Series. On the basis of the contained Collenia, the position of this Calc Zone could be fixed anywhere between late Precambrian and Cambrian. (ii) The Quartzite Zone, (composed of phyllites, quartzites, conglomerates and sericite quartzites with associated chlorite schists and amphibolites) is correlated with the Nagthat (= Jaunsar) series. (iii) The crystalline Zone of Askot (consisting of ortho- and para-gneisses and schists) is correlated with the Chandpur (= Daling-Darjeeling) series.
The sedimentary zone, occupying a vast tectonic window between the crystalline zones to the north and south corresponds to the Krol nappe, or its eastern analogue, the Nawakot nappe. The whole sedimentary pile represents the lower limb of a mighty recumbent anticlinal fold, thrust from north to south; the minimum distance of translation is about 115 miles. The thrust-bound Crystalline Zone of Askot and the Crystalline Zone of Lohaghat to the south represent two detached outliers of a single thrust sheet corresponding to the Garhwal nappe, or its eastern equivalent, the Kathmandu Nappe. The width of thrusting of the crystallines is approximately 106 miles.
- Stromatolites of the Lesser Himalayan Carbonate Formations and the Vindhyans
Authors
1 Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 10, No 1 (1969), Pagination: 1-25Abstract
A number of carbonate formations of the Lesser Himalaya and the Vindhyachal have been found to display widespread and prolific development of stromatolites. These are confined to definite stratigraphic horizons and exhibit no influence of facies changes. Time-controlled changes are clearly expressed in their morphology and the 'regular sequence of different forms over extensive areas suggests their evolutionary variation.The Fawn Limestone of the Semri Series of Southern Mirzapur exhibits bioherms of Conophyton cylindricus and Collenia columnaris with C. kusiensis, characteristic forms of the Lower Riphean formations (older than 1260 m.y.) of U. S. S. R. The Bhander Limestone of the Upper Vindhyan, the Gangolihat Dolomites of the Calc Zone of Pithoragarh, the Lower Deoban Limestone of Dehra Dun District, the Lower Shali Limestone of Mahasu District and the Tundapatthar Limestone of Ambala District are characterized by Collenia baicalica, with C. cotumnaris, C. symmetrica and C. buriatica. These forms constitute typical Middle Riphean (1260 to 1000 m.y.) stromatolite-complex of U. S. S. R. The Thalkedar Limestones of Pithoragarh, the Upper Deobans and the Upper Shali Limestone contain what look like Jurusania of the Upper Riphean formations of the southern Urals in U. S. S. R. Kakarhatti and Naldera stromatolites seem to be of a still younger age.
- Lithology and Age of the Tal Formation in Garhwal, and Implication on Stratigraphic Scheme of Krol Belt in Kumaun Himalaya
Authors
1 Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Delhi, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 16, No 2 (1975), Pagination: 119-134Abstract
The Tal Formation, containing datable fossil assemblages in the Lansdowne hills in Garhwal, occupies a crucial position at the top of the 6100-metre thick succession of predominantly unfossiliferous sediments constituting the Krol Nappe. The lithostratigraphic unit comprising of (i) Lower Permian fossil-bearing black shale (often phosphatic), mudstone, conglomeratic greywacke and mudstone, (ii) a variety of sandstone of varied colour and (iii) sandy, oolitic and shelly limestone, lithologically indistinguishable and tectonically inseparable from the formation recognized as the Tal, the limestone of the upper horizon of which has yielded Upper Permian fossils. The lower member of the Tal progressively thins out southward until finally disappearing so that the considerably attenuated middle member and the upper limestone member rest directly on the Krol, thus exhibiting transgressive overlap.The Permian Tal is unconformably capped by the Subathu of Eocene age, implying that the whole of Mesozoic group is missing in the Lesser Himalaya. The Krol which conformably underlies the Tal is not Permo-Triassic as commonly believed and the Blaini that rests upon the Nagthat cannot be equated with the Upper Carboniferous Talchir formation of Peninsular India. The occurrence of Lower Palaeozoic bryozoan remains in the slate and calcareous beds resting on the Nagthat quartzite in the Nandhaur valley, southeast of Nainital, corroborates the Lower Palaeozoic age assigned to the Blaini.
- An Outline of the Structural Set-Up of the Kumaun Himalaya
Authors
1 Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital-263 002, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 20, No 4 (1979), Pagination: 145-157Abstract
The Kumaun Himalaya embraces all the four Himalayan physiographic-geologic subprovinces. (1) The northern Tethys Zone constituted of Late Precambrian to Cretaceous sediments, is demarcated against the Great Himalaya to the south by the steeply-dipping Malari Thrust. This synclinorial zone, exhibiting Jura-type folding, is split up by imbricate thrusts in northeastern Kumaun giving rise to schuppen structures. Along the indo-Tibetan border, large-scale thrusting has brought Ophiolitic melange and a sheet of ultrabasics of the Kailas-Mansarovar area in Tibet over the Cretaceous flysch of Malla Johar. (2) The Great Himalaya is a colossal tectonic slab of the granite-injected katazonal early Precambrian metamorphics of the Vaikrita Group penetrated by Tertiary granite. It is demarcated by the Malari and Vaikrita thrusts. Exhibiting homoclinal structure, the Great Himalaya is characterized by plastic deformation and fluidal folding throughout its extent. The Valkrita Thrust marks abrupt change in the grade of metamorphism from the katazonal metamorphics to epizonal metasediments of the Lesser Himalayan Munsiari Formation at the base. (3) The mylonitized and retrograded metamorphics and Precambrian augen gneisses and synkinematic granodiorites of the Munsiari Formation, sandwiched between the Vaikrita and Munsiari Thrusts at the base of the Great Himalaya, represent the ischolar_main of the Almora Nappe and its four klippen that cover vast areas of the Lesser Himalaya in the eastern half of Kumaun. The Munsiari extends northwest to Join up with the Jutogh of Himachal Pradesh. Imbricately underlying the Almora nappe iS the second thrust sheet of weakly metamorphosed early Riphean flysch penetrated by voluminous granitic porphyroids of the Ramgarh Group. The northwestern prolongation of this nappe is involved, together With the underlying quartzites, in tectonic imbricate-splitting. One of the sheets of this schuppen zone extends northwest to join up With the Chail Nappe of Himachal. In the inner Lesser Himalaya the crystalline klippen are underlain by a vast thrust sheet of Berinag quartzites (=Nagthat Formation) and penecontemporaneous basic volcanics. This Berinag Nappe is the base-cut and beheaded northern extension of stupendous Krol Nappe that imbricately underlies the Ramgarh and/or Almora nappes of the outer Lesser Himalaya. The synclinorial Krol Nappe comprises, in addition to the lithological Unit of the Berinag Nappe several other formations. Under the nappes in the inner Lesser Himalaya complexly folded and faulted autochthonous Early Riphean flysch (Damtha Group) and Middle Riphean to Vendian Tejam Group (Deoban + Mandhali Formations) are exposed. (4) The molasse subprovince of the Siwalik is an autochthon, separated from the Ganga plams presumably by a deep Himalayan Frontal Fault. The single-range homoclinal Slwalik Unit of eastern sector splits up westward into two major ranges showmg Jura-type folding and thrusting with the intervening synclines filled With subrecent gravels, giving rise to intermontane flat plains or 'duns'.- Discovery of Late Palaeozoic Brachiopod in the Upper Krol of the Nainital Hills, Kumaun Himalaya
Authors
1 Dept. of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital 263002, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 21, No 2 (1980), Pagination: 97-101Abstract
Discovery of Linoproductus sp. in the upper part of the Upper Krol Limestone near Nainital indicates Upper Palaeozoic, probably late Carboniferous or Early Permian age not only of the lithostratigraphic unit, but also of the assemblage of stromatolites having distinctive morphology and restricted vertical distribution.- Geomorphologic Development Across the Active Main Boundary Thrust, An Example from the Nainital Hills in Kumaun Himalaya
Authors
1 Kumaun University, Nainital 263001, IN
2 University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 25, No 12 (1984), Pagination: 761-774Abstract
The Main Boundary Thrust marking the tectonic junction between the Lesser Himalaya and Siwalik molasse represents a zone along which underthrusting still occurs. Depositional terraces formed as a consequence of subrecent and historical landslides have been faulted and displaced vertically as well as horizontally in the Balia Valley, which follows the zone of the Main Boundary Thrust. Vertical scarps and triangular facets on the hillsides, uplift and dissection by faults of terraces and landslide fans, and presence of abandoned valleys across the Main Boundary Thrust, further bear testimony to recent movements. The burden of evidence points to uplift of the Siwalik domain by 30 to 80m relative to the Lesser Himalayan belt.- Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Great Himalayan Thrust Sheets in Garhwal Region, Kumaun Himalaya
Authors
1 University of Rajasthan, Udaipur 313 001, IN
2 Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 32, No 2 (1988), Pagination: 106-124Abstract
The so-called 'Central Crystallines' building the bulk of the Great Himalaya (=Himadri) comprise two major tectonic units. The upper unit is constituted of highgrade psammitic metamorphics associated with anatectic granites of the Vaikrita Group, and the lower unit is made up of Precambrian granites, gneisses, amphibolites, meta-sediments and their mylonitic equivalents recognized as the Munsiari Formation. The Vaikrita Group makes a huge lithotectonic slab bounded by moderately inclined Main Central (Vaikrita) Thrust in the south and the steeply dipping Trans-Himadri (Malari) Thrust in the north. Sandwiched between the Munsiari and the Main Central (Vaikrita) Thrusts, the Munsiari is a severely tectonized and drastically condensed lithotectonic sheet representing the ischolar_main zone of the Lesser Himalayan crystalline nappes.
In small-scale, the Vaikrita shows extremely intricate internal deformation resulting from polyphasal folding and repeated transposition of foliation planes. The bulk non-coaxial strain in the rocks is attributable to the variation in the case of slip on the shear planes during thrust propagation. The period of thrusting is coeval with the main phase of progressive metamorphism, anatexis and attendant granite emplacement during the late Eocene to Lower Miocene period. Later deformation and retrogressive metamorphism are related to the uplift during the Middle and Upper Miocene, culminating in the Middle Pleistocene, when the Vaikrita rocks were brought to a brittle field of deformation from the earlier ductile and brittle-ductile fields.
The Vaikrita exhibits an abrupt rise in the grade of metamorphism to sillimanite zone of progressive (Barrovian type) metamorphism from a very low to medium grade of (Himalayan) metamorphism in the Munsiari. In the deeper level (∼30 km), the Vaikrita rocks underwent progressive regional metamorphism and anatexis that gave rise to granites, which extensively invaded the metamorphics. The episodic uplift of the Vaikrita Group was due to the shifting of thrust movements by relay from the Main Central (Vaikrita) Thrust, to the Munsiari Thrust and the other minor thrusts of the schuppen zone in the south. A part of the uplift can be attributed to the diapiric rise of the anatectic granites.
- Geology of Higher Central Himalaya
Authors
1 University of Kumaun, Naini Tal, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 34, No 4 (1989), Pagination: 441-442Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- 'People's Participation on Himalayan Ecosystem Development'
Authors
1 Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 38, No 3 (1991), Pagination: 335-336Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Active Himalayan Frontal Fault, Main Boundary Thrust and Ramgarh Thrust in Southern Kumaun
Authors
1 Geology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 40, No 6 (1992), Pagination: 509-528Abstract
The Siwalik front has been lifted up 60-90 m against the Holocene IndoGangetic plains. The movements on the Himalayan Frontal Fault are evident from 6-15° northward tilting of Late Pleistocene Dun Gravel, and spectacular incised meanders in streams breaking through the hill barrier, and uplift in three episodic phases of the fluvial terraces resting on the tilted Dun Gravel.In southeastern Kumaun, dextral strike-slip movement on an active fault has caused 6 km westward deflection of the Kali (Sharada) River from its consistently southerly course. Movements of fault blocks in the Siwalik domain have given rise to minor horsts and grabens, and caused blocking of streams and rivers, leading to fonnation of lakes now represented by intramontane fluviolacustrine terraces.
The Main Boundary Thrust registers variable neotectonic movements. While the Lesser Himalaya rides over the Lower Siwalik, lifting (by 70 m) the recent fluvial deposits of the Ladhiya River in the east. it is the Siwalik that has risen up relative to the Lesser Himalaya in the central and western sectors. The amount of displacement of the fluvial terraces and colluvial cones is of the order of 40 to 30 m in the Nainital area and 30 to 10 m in the Mandal valley.
Quaternary episodic movements have rejuvenated the old mature topography of the Lesser Himalaya. Movements on faults and thrusts in the southern belt are evident from abrupt narrowing in the fault zones into deep gorges of wide meandering streams, development of cascades and knickpoints and triggering of huge debris avalanches on steepened slopes. Damming of streams by colluvial cones and fans have resulted in the formation of lakes in the Bhawali-Shyamkhet area, east of Nainital.
Keywords
Geomorphology, Himalaya, Kumaun, Entrenched Meanders, Landslides-Avalanches, Tectonic Lakes.- Proceedings of a discussion Meeting on Continuing Crustal Deformation in Southern Peninsular India
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur P.O. Bangalore - 560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 47, No 1 (1996), Pagination: 139-142Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Bathymetric Study of the Neotectonic Naini Lake in Outer Kumaun Himalaya
Authors
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Goa - 403 004, IN
2 Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital - 263 002, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 41, No 2 (1993), Pagination: 91-104Abstract
The Naini lake is a product of rotational movernent on a NW-SE trending Nainital Fault, quite after the establishment of the drainage of a mature stream named Balia Nala. Detailed bathymetric study, permits division of this crescent-shaped lake into two subbasins separated by an approximately 100 m wide transverse underwater ridge, 7m to 20m below the lake surface. The southeastern and northwestern parts, 11 to 25 m and 4 to 27 m deep, respectively, are filled with unconsolidated sediments, 15 m thick on an average. The semiconsolidated sedimentary layers locally exhibit slumping an slopes and deformation in channel beds. These features together with thetransverse Central Ridge, the deep channel cutting through it, the small scarps and terraces or step-like features on the slopes of the narrow V-shaped undemater valley in the southeastern part and its thick filling in parts due to blockade resulting presumably from fault movements, and the existence of deformed and displaced acoustic reflectors are interpreted as indicating quite recent movements along the Nainital Fault. Hitherto unidentified pinnacle-like objects penetrating through or perched atop sediments, are suggestive of either tectonic displacement and squeezing or of the hazard of mass movements which have occurred. A number of small but rapidly growing deltas along shores indicate accelerated pace of sediment input, resulting from quickened erosion in the catchment area.Keywords
Naini Lake, Neotectonism, Bathymetric Study, Kumaun Himalaya.- The Gondwana Master Basin of Peninsular India (1995)
Authors
1 Jawalzarlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bangalore-560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 49, No 4 (1997), Pagination: 471-471Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (1996)
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, lJakkur P.O., Bangalore-560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 49, No 4 (1997), Pagination: 471-472Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Late Quaternary Movements and Landscape Rejuvenation in Southeastern Karnataka and Adjoining Tamil Nadu in Southern Indian Shield
Authors
1 Geodynamics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 51, No 2 (1998), Pagination: 139-166Abstract
Late Quaternary movements on N-S trending segmented faults in the Southern Indian Shield have given rise to en echelon linear hills and isolated hillocks that abruptly rise 300 to 400m above the 900 m Bangalore peneplain covered thickly with red soil, and are made up of remarkably fresh Precambrian rocks devoid of soil capping. Tilting of soil-covered regolith on the fault-delimited hill flanks together with extraordinarily severe gully erosion in the confines of narrow fault zones bear testimony to continuing movements on these active faults, which also gave rise to many tectonic lakes following stream ponding. Further south, > 1800 m high Biligirirangan-Mahadeswaramalai Hills represent fault-lined horsts, drained by meandering streams that fall and cascade down their steep scarps. Folding of Recent fluvial gravel, development of spectacular knee bend in an otherwise very straight fault valley, and abrupt pronounced northward shift of the Kaveri River from its original southeasterly course indicate Holocene movements on the faults delimiting the horsts.
The >2500 m high Nilgiri massif amidst the 300-150 m Tirupattur-Coimbatore plain is characterized by gently undulating top with very thick soil cover and lazily flowing streams that drop down precipitous scarps (of 1800 to 2000 m sheer fall) through chasms and gorges. Ponding of streams due to reactivation of faults gave rise to lakes comprising 20,000 to 5000 year-old peat within black clays. Thrusting up of the Nilgiri block on the E-W oriented Moyar Shear Zone (which separates the Southern Granulite Terrane from the Dharwar Craton) is a continuing phenomenon, as evident from spectacular rejuvenation of meandering streams, development of multitudes of deep defiles and waterfalls, presence of unfurrowed straight planar valley slopes, and recurrent seismicity in the Moyar Shear Zone.
The thrust movements on the E-W shear zones have been, and are being transmitted northwards as strike-slip and oblique-slip movements on the N-S trending faults in the Dharwar Craton. Close association of epicentres with the fault zones implies that the strain accumulated in the Peninsular Shield is being relaxed through reactivation of these active faults of Precambrian antiquity.
Keywords
Geomorphology, Neotectonics, Seismicity, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.- Catastrophic Landslides in Uttaranchal, Central Himalaya
Authors
1 Geodynamics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore - 560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 52, No 4 (1998), Pagination: 483-486Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- River Response to Neotectonic Activity: Example from Kerala, India
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore - 560 064, IN
2 Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin - 682 016, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 70, No 3 (2007), Pagination: 427-443Abstract
The drainage pattern in the Proterozolic terrane of central Kerala in southwestern Peninsular India reflects control of WNW-ESE, N-S and NNW-SSE oriented lineaments, many of which are recognized as faults. Reactivation of these faults of Precambrian antiquity manifested itself in strike-slip and oblique-slip movements as evident from (1) their demarcating straight linear hills and ridges having steep slopes or escarpments that are characterized by exposure of remarkably fresh Proterozoic rocks on rectangular planar slopes and triangular facets cut by sparse gullies or straight furrows of recent origin, (11) swerving of rivers and streams and change of their original meandering system to the one characterized by peculiar loops, and (111) occurrence of epicentres of historical earthquakes (numbering 60) on or close to the faults. The Quaternary sediments in the 83 km long Vembanad Lagoon, roughly paralleling a NNW-SSE trending lineament-demarcated ridge, bear testimony to intermittent subsidence and attendant drowning of the land, attracting six rivers to discharge their waters and sediments in the resulting depression, without forming deltas at their mouths.
Neotectonic activity along the NNW-SSE, N-S and WNW-ESE oriented active faults is manifest in abrupt bending of a11 the six rivers along them, forming loops of a variety of shape, their intimate association with lacustrine clays and muds deposited in the past, and the present-day ponding of rivers and their tributaries upstream of the crossing of the active faults. Extending upstream for hundreds to thousands of metres-as much as 4 to 7 km in a few cases-the stagnant bodies of water in the river and stream channels imply continuing movement along faults of the Proterozoic terrane.
Keywords
Seismicity, Stream ponding, Fault reactivation, Oblique-Slip movement, Palaeolake, Kerala.- Trans-Himadri Fault: Tectonics of a Detachment System in Central Sector of Himalaya, India
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore - 560 044, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 65, No 5 (2005), Pagination: 537-552Abstract
First recognized as the Malari Thrust Fault in northern Kumaun Himalaya in early seventies, as the South Ebetan Detachnzent System in southern Tibet adjoining northeastern Nepal in early eighties and as the Zanskar Shear Zone in northwestern Himachal Pradesh in Iate eighties, the fault between the high-grade metamorphic and granitic rocks of the Himadri (E Great Himalaya) and the Tethyan sedimentary pile, ranks in importance among the terranedefining boundary thrusts like the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). Not only is there an abrupt change in the metamorphic grade across the tectonic plane, but also an attenuation and wholesafe elimination of some lithostratigraphic formations of the hanging wall. Moreover, the strongly Iineated metamorphic rocks of the basement complex in the footwall, characterized by isoclinal reclined folds, give way in the hanging wall to the Tethyan sedimentary rocks lacking in similar deformation and metamorphism. Later movements have caused shearing and brecciation of the basement rocks.
Exhibiting predominant dip-slip movement in the central sector of the Himalayan arc, the Trans-Himadri Fizult (T-HF) was formed as a consequence of the Tethyan sedimentary cover detaching from its rigid foundation of the basement complex, following blocking or slowing down on India-Asia collision zone of tectonic movements related to India-Asia convergence. As the basement complex was squeezed up to great height during a phase of compression, the sedimentary cover on the over-steepened northern slope of the Himadri slid down, toppling over northward and giving rise to back-folds and back-thrusts. In the compressive regime, there was strike-slip movement and attendant extension parallel to the orogen in eastern and western sectors of the Himalaya. In Kashmir, western Himachal Pradesh, central Nepal and northwestern Bhutan the compression was so strong that the Tethyan sedimentary rocks along with a slice of the basement in the hanging wall advanccd southwards across the Himadri and were emplaccd as nappes and klippen even south of the Main Central Thrust.
The T-HF movement occurred in the period 23.5 and 19.5 Ma, say approximately around 20.9 Ma. Quaternary reactivation resulted in river ponding and development of huge lakes such as the Garbyang palaeolake in the Kali valley and the - 40,000 year old Goting palaeolake in the Western Qhauli valley.
Keywords
Detachment fault, Decoupling, Basement-Cover sequence, Back fold, Reactivation, Orogen-Parallel extension, River ponding, Central sector, Himalaya.- Himalayan Collision Tectonics
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bangalore- 560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 63, No 3 (2004), Pagination: 359-360Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Late Quntenary Reactivation of a Synclinally Folded Nappe in Kumaon Lesser Himalaya
Authors
1 15B, 'Oceana' Apts., New Beach Road, Thiruvalluvar Nagar, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai-600 041, IN
2 Jawaharlal Nehru centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur Campus , Jakkur , P.O., Bangalore-560 054, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 59, No 1 (2002), Pagination: 89-90Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Role of Earth Sciences in Integrated Development and Related Societal Issues
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur Campus, Jakkur R O., Bangalore - 560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 59, No 5 (2002), Pagination: 484-485Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- River Response to Continuing Movements and the Scarp Development in Central Sahyadri and Adjoining Coastal Belt
Authors
1 Geodynamics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore - 560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 57, No 1 (2001), Pagination: 13-30Abstract
Fieldwork coupled with interpretation of topographic maps resulted in the identification and delineation of a number of long, discontinuous strike-slip faults trending in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions that post-date ESE-WNW to E-W oriented reverse faults and shear zones in the western part of the Dharwar Craton in the Southern Indian Shield. The northerly-trending faults have caused not only pronounced deflection of rivers and streams and development in some places of loops and hairpin geometry of drainage, but also present-day stream ponding. The modification of Holocene landforms including (i) the deep incisions across ridges in the undulating terrain, (ii) the descent of old winding rivers as waterfalls and cascades through deep gorges across fault-delimited ridges, (iii) the occurrence of planar scarps and triangular facets devoid of gullies or with a few straight furrows, (iv) the repeated blockage of streams as they cross or follow the NNW-SSE trending faults, and (v) the higher-than-normal seismicity indicates geologically recent and continuing tectonic movements in the fault-riven Sahyadri and coastal domains.
In the western margin of the Dharwar Craton, the Central Sahyadri mountain emerged from the erosion surface, that lay a little above the sea-level, as a consequence of pronounced vertical movements accompanying northward strike-slip displacement along the NNW-SSE faults. The northerly push of the fault-delimited blocks caused breaking up at their edges on the ESE-WNW oriented reverse faults and shear zones, giving rise to peculiar rightside-overstepping arrangement of the high mountain ranges and en echelon configuration of the more than 700 m high Western Ghat escarpment. While a part of the Dharwar Craton margin became a rising 700 to >1800 m high horst mountain (the Sahyadri), the coastal belt failed to rise beyond 40 to 120 m above sea level and thus became an undulating terrain of low ridges and very shallow depressions. The original escarpment has been considerably reshaped through headward erosion by the rivers that flow west.
Keywords
Active Faults, Stream Ponding, Palaeolakes, Tilted Laterite Cap, Neotectonism, Geomorphology, Western Ghat.- River Response to Continuing Movements and the Scarp Development in Central Sahyadri and Ad Joining Coastal Belt
Authors
1 Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri - 574 199, IN
2 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore -560 064, IN
3 National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 58, No 1 (2001), Pagination: 88-91Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Fluvial Geomorphic Evidence for Late Quaternary Reactivation of a Synclinally Folded Nappe in Kumaun Lesser Himalaya
Authors
1 Geodynamics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore - 560 064, IN
2 Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital - 263 002, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 58, No 4 (2001), Pagination: 303-317Abstract
In parts of the Kumaun Lesser Himalayan terrane that is defined by the very active Main Boundary Thrust and Main Central Thrust, tectonic strain is progressively building up due to horizontal compression with resultant crustal shortening. Consequently, the thrust that bounds a synclinal nappe of Precambrian crystalline rocks has been reactivated in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene times. The neotectonic movements along the nappe-bounding thrust and associated faults within the nappe and in the adjacent autochthonous terrane are manifest in the pronounced geomorphic rejuvenation of the landscape, the development of rugged mountain barriers along the active thrusts and the dismemberment and dislocation of Late Quaternary fluvial terraces, lacustrine flats and colluvial cones. The resultant stream ponding culminated in the formation of lakes behind recently uplifted blocks upstream of active faults. Formed within the fluvial regimes and stretching 7 to 11 km upstream of the neotectonic impediments, the lakes are represented by 10 to 13 m thick succession of clays and muds. Radiocarbon dates of the lacustrine clay and mud in eastern Kumaun indicate the timings of the reactivation of these faults of the synclinal Almora Nappe at >35 ka and 9 ka. Several other palaeolakes in the Himalayan province originated in the temporal interval of 35 to 40 ka.Keywords
Reactivated Thrust, Active Fold, Geomorphology, Palaeolake, Debris Flow, Radiocarbon Dates, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya.- Professor R. C. Misra - a Tribute
Authors
1 Javaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore - 560 054, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 60, No 2 (2002), Pagination: 237-237Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Radical Restructuring of Earth-Science Education
Authors
1 Geodynamics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 53, No 2 (1999), Pagination: 261-264Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- High Dams in Central Himalaya in Context of Active Faults Seismicity and Societal Problems
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore - 560 064
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 49, No 5 (1997), Pagination: 479-494Abstract
India's two highest dams would be located close to the active faults that have been repeatedly reactivated in the Quaternary. These heavy structures are being built in the region of high seismicity where the probability of occurrence of major earthquakes appears to be very high. The probable high-magnitude earthquake will release quite a few hundred times more energy than the earthquakes for which the Tehri Dam is designed. The 50 percent failure probability accepted by the dam builders is at alarming variance with the globally accepted minimum standard of 16 percent (safety level of at least 84%). Impoundment of water in reservoirs upstream of the darns is likely to intensify and trigger landslides in the large reservoir areas particularly in the zones of active faults. Submergence of upstream lands in the most productive and populated valleys in Uttarakhand and western Nepal would cause great loss of forest and agricultural resources. In view of the horrifying implications of high dams it would be prudent to go in for a large number of smaller dams at much lower costs and risks, and which would confer greater benefits to all.Keywords
Seismic Gap, Landslides, Himalaya, Engineering Geology, Tehri Dam.- Rb-Sr Ages of Granitic Rocks Within the Lesser Himalayan Nappes, Kumaun, India
Authors
1 Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
2 Geology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 25, No 10 (1984), Pagination: 641-654Abstract
Whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron analyses of granitic components of the two prominent tectono-stratigraphic units, the Ramgarh and Almora Groups, in the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya yield two relatively coherent age clusters around 1800 Ma and 550 Ma, respectively. The older age corresponds to the porphyritic granites, quartz-porphyry and augen gneisses from the Ramgarh Nappe, the basal parts of the synformal Almora Nappe and the Askot-Dharamghar Klippen in the inner Lesser Himalaya, whereas the younger age is restricted to the massive Champawat Granodiorite - Almora Granite emplaced in the upper part of the Almora Nappe. The older rock seems to occur also in the ischolar_main zone at the base of the Great Himalaya. The early Palaeozoic granites appear to be very widespread, extending both into the Himachal Pradesh and Nepal sectors. The spatial distribution of the two age components has been used to infer the possible relationships between the two lithotectonic units.- Review
Authors
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 20, No 6 (1979), Pagination: 304-304Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Some Burning Questions Remaining Unanswered
Authors
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore – 560 064, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 78, No 4 (2011), Pagination: 299-320Abstract
Writing a book on the geodynamic evolution of India (Valdiya, 2010), which involved going through and perusing voluminous literature, I was confronted with many burning questions for which I could not find decisive answers. Maybe I missed the answers, or perhaps I failed to grasp and comprehend the logics of authors. I also felt that many very crucial problems of the evolutionary history of India await addressing squarely by the new generation of earth scientists. When the President of the Geological Society of India, Dr. Harsh Gupta, kindly invited me to speak at the Annual General Meeting of the Society in October 2010 I could not suppress my urge to voice my ignorance through some questions that tantalizingly tease me.References
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