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- M. S. Salil
- S. K. Pattanayak
- C. K. Shrivastava
- P. O. Alexander
- S. Kpattanayak
- S. K. Tandon
- R. K. Bajpai
- Nishi Rani
- G. N. Pujari
- Vimal Singh
- Chatar Singh
- S. K. Pandey
- G. S. Roonwal
- Raju Kumar
- Surendra Kumar Jha
- C. L. Bhairam
- Rajesh Prakash
- Mansoor Ahmad
- Surabhi Srivastava
- Sanjay Kumar Pandey
- Sucharita Pal
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Shrivastava, J. P.
- Clay Mineralogy of Ir-Bearing Anjar Intertrappeans, Kutch, Gujarat, India: Inferences on Palaeoenvironment
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 55, No 2 (2000), Pagination: 197-206Abstract
Clay mineral studies on the K/T boundary succession at Anjar, Kutch show smectite, sepiolite and palygorskite as its major clay mineral assemblage. There is a distinct variation in the clay mineralogy across the section with sepiolite and palygorskite dominating the lower and upper lithounits, respectively, in association with smectite. The KTB layer, marked by the Ir (1271 pg/g) and Os (1414 pg/g) anomaly contain sepiolite and smectite in subequal proportions. The clay stratigraphy of the succession reflects progressive increase in aridity and basicity in the depositional environment during the deposilion of Anjar KTB sediments. It appears that the sepiolite-palygorskite-smectite complexes in the sediments were developed in a lacustrine or peri-marine environment of high basicity under arid conditions induced and influenced by Deccan volcanism. In this environment, the Si, Mg and Al ions necessary for the formation of sepiolite and palygorskite could be supplied by the hydrothermal fluids associated with volcanism by the dissociation of silicates already available in the depositional environment or simultaneously by both the processes. Clay mineral associations in the Ir-bearing Anjar intertrappean sediments across its lithounits are more compatible with the depositionai environment influenced by the volcanism, than an asteroidal impact. In the upper part of the succession, the predominance of palygorskite and smectite suggests that the latter contributed the necessary Al, Si and Mg ions to result the former. The REE signatures indicate that sepiolite-smectite is most likely the carrier phase of Ir in Anjar intertrappeans.Keywords
Clay Mineralogy, Iridium, Intertrappeans, Deccan Trap, KTB, Kutch, Gujarat.
- Modification in the Analysis of Arsenic in Soils and Sediments
Abstract Views :162 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 M.P. Raipur, IN
2 Department of Applied Geology, University of Saugar, Sagar 470 003 (M.P.), IN
1 M.P. Raipur, IN
2 Department of Applied Geology, University of Saugar, Sagar 470 003 (M.P.), IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 27, No 2 (1986), Pagination: 227-228Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Geomicrobiology as an Aid to Prospecting: A Critical Study from Malanjkhand and Zawar Base Metal Deposits, India
Abstract Views :185 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Applied Geology, University of Sagar, Sagar 470003 (M.P.), IN
1 Department of Applied Geology, University of Sagar, Sagar 470003 (M.P.), IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 31, No 3 (1988), Pagination: 328-336Abstract
Cold extractable and total Cu, Zn and Pb in soils arc faithful pointers to concealed mineralisation. Geomicrobiological studies have failed to give positive results. Thiobacillus ferrooxidanS, T. nevellus, T. permetabolis, T. thiooxidans, T. thioparus in soils over the mineralised zones were not detected in the present study. But cultures grown in P.D.A. media have shown quantitative differences for the mineralised and non-minearalised soils. Several possible reasons for this negative geomicrobiological response are discussed which include: deficiency in Mo and organic carbon in soils. unfavourable pH of soils/water, lack of moisture and water-logging among others. More detailed study of soil geomicrobiology minerai exploration is suggested.- X-ray Diffraction Study on the Clay Mineralogy of Infra(Lametas)-/Inter-trappean Sediments and Weathered Deccan Basalt from Jabalpur, M.P: Implication for the Age of Deccan Volcanismcan Volcanism
Abstract Views :222 |
PDF Views:137
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi Delhi-110007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi Delhi-110007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 44, No 3 (1994), Pagination: 335-337Abstract
X-ray diffraction study on the infra-/inter Hrappean sediments (Maastrichtian) and their associated degraded Deccan basalts from around Jabalpur, M.P, shows same clay mineral assemblages indicating the Deccan basalt as a major provenance of and hence pre-dating these sediments.Keywords
Lametas, Deccan Basalts, Clay Mineralogy.Full Text
- Composition of Smectites in the Lameta Sediments of Central India: Implications for the Commencement of Deccan Volcanism
Abstract Views :168 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 47, No 5 (1996), Pagination: 555-560Abstract
The studies on the structural formulae of smectites in the Larneta sediments indicate that they are rich in octahedral Fe, Mg and tetrahedral Al. Identical patterns of Mg, Fe and Al abundances in the octahedral and tetrahedral layers respectively, were also observed in the smectites of intertrappean sediments and weathered Deccan Basalts. The thermodynamic components and charge configurations of smectites in the Lameta, intertrappean and Deccan Basalt indicate that they fall within the compositional plane of smectite solid solution. The compositional commonality of smectite in the Lameta sediments with those in the intertrappeans and weathered Deccan Basalt suggests, Smectites in the Lameta sediments are derivatives of Deccan volcanic products. This implies the commencement of Deccan Volcanism during the Maastrichtian Lameta sedimentation or prior to it.Keywords
Smectite, Larneta Sediments, Deccan Basalt, Central India.- A Review on Corrosion Mechanism in the Borosilicate Nuclear Waste Glass for Long-Term Performance Assessments in Geological Repository
Abstract Views :218 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 BETDD, Nuclear Recycle Group, BARC, Mumbai - 400 008, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 BETDD, Nuclear Recycle Group, BARC, Mumbai - 400 008, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 72, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 238-244Abstract
Glass is an important material used for high-level nuclear waste (HLW) management, accommodates and immobilizes several constituents. The ability ot the nuclear waste glasses is to contain high-level radioactive wastes over the service life of a potential geologic repository. The corrosion of a complex waste glass is governed by two basic mechanisms, such as, ion exchange and hydrolysis. In the present review paper, leach rate experiments under accelerated pressure, temperature and controlled pH conditions are suggested to insight corrosion mechanism of complex nuclear waste glasses. The data obtained is required to be simulated, using geochemical codes to extrapolate corrosion of glass for long term performances assessments in the geological repository.Keywords
Corrosion, Leaching, Vitrification, Geological Lepository, Geochemical Codes.- Cu-Mo Anomalies in the Deciduous, Semi-Deciduous and Evergreen Taxa Associated with the Malanjkhand Granitoid, Madhya Pradesh
Abstract Views :174 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 70, No 4 (2007), Pagination: 641-657Abstract
Deciduous, semi-deciduous and evergreen taxa present over the Malanjkhand granitoids show variations in the spatial distribution patterns - Terminalia alata and Ougeinia oojeinensis are the most abundant and moderately abundant plant species in the Pipardhar and Dhorli areas respectively, whereas, Shorea robusta predominating in the Pathratola area. The spatial spread of biogeochemical anomalies, based on Cu and Mo data, obtained from leaves, twigs and bark of eighteen species, overlap soil Cu and Mo anomalies in Pipardhar area. The Cu anomalies, based on twig, bark, and leaf samples, when compared with the soil Cu anomalies, show lateral displacement. In Pathratola area, plant and soil Cu anomalies do not overlie each other. The anomalous Cu values were recorded in Terminalia alata leaves and Shorea robusta bark and leaves, which grow over soils having background Cu concentrations. The deep-ischolar_mained large trees of Terminalia alata, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Casearia graveolens are indicative of buried mineralisation. In Pipardhar area, Cu and Mo anomalies for twigs, cover more or less same areas, which largely corresponds to soil Cu anomaly. The increase in the Cu/Mo contents of the plant organs with the corresponding increase in their substrate soil metal contents, having high correlation coefficient values, found in Terminalia alata, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Adina cardifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Shorea robusta, Anogeissus latifolia, Buchanania lanzan, Casearia graveolens, Casearia tomentosa, and Pometia pinnata. The Terminalia alata indicate high toxic thresholds for Cu and Mo both, whereas, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Shorea robusta show very high toxic thresholds for Mo only. These limits are significant and pointing towards the presence of Cu-Mo enriched substrate. A significant relationship was also observed between mean values of plant metal of all the organs of Casearia tomentosa, Diospyros melanoxylon, Anogeissus latifolia, Casearia graveolens, Ficus glomerata, Lagerstroemia parvifolia, Mitragyna parvifolia, Petrocarpus marsupium, and Schleichera oleosa, versus soil metal contents. Moreover, some organs of Terminalia alata, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Shorea robusta show significant relationship. These revelations are congruent with the prolific abundance of Terminalia alata, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Shorea robusta over the Cu anomalies.Keywords
Malanjkhand Granitoid, Plant-Soil Metal Content, Cu-Mo Anomalies, Bark, Twigs and Leaves, Malanjkhand, Madhya Pradesh.- Facies Association and Sedimentary Petrological Characteristics of Lameta Sequences of the Dongargaon Area, Central India
Abstract Views :218 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 University of Delhi, Delhi, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 University of Delhi, Delhi, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 64, No 5 (2004), Pagination: 693-695Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Biogeochemical Studies on some Copper Rich Areas from Malanjkhand Granitoid, Madhya Pradesh
Abstract Views :176 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi -110 007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi -110 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 61, No 3 (2003), Pagination: 295-318Abstract
In the Pathratola, Dhorh and Pipardhar areas of the Malanjkhand granitoid, deciduous taxa of eighteen species show wide variations in their spatial distribution patterns. The T alata and O oojeinensis are the most abundant and moderately abundant species respectively. They occur in all the three areas whereas, S robusta predominates in the Pathratola area only. The assemblage of S robusta, T alata and O oojeinensis in Pathratola, T alata, O oojeinensis, S cumim and F glomeratain Dhorh area and T alata and O oojeinensis in Pipardhar area predominate where, Cu anomalies are present. The important factors such as hthology, slope, drainage and soil type, which possibly have influence over the distribution patterns of the plant species, have been discussed.The Cu and Mo data plots for leaves, twigs and bark of eighteen plant species show that the accumulation of metals in some plant organs in the pre monsoon period is much higher as compared to their post-monsoon counterparts, however, reverse is the case for some organs of the species. The increase in the metal (Cu/Mo) contents of the plant organs with the corresponding increase in their substrate soil metal (Cu/Mo) concentrations having high correlation coefficient (r) values were observed in organs of some species. The toxic threshold values obtained from the polynomial curves for these plant organs have been discussed. The plant metal (Cu and Mo) versus soil metal (Cu and Mo) relationship as revealed from 't' test results show that the calculated 't' values are less than that of the tabulated probability values (Brooks, 1983) for all the organs of rarely occurring C tomentosa, D melanoxylon, A latifoha, C graveolens, F glomerata L parvifoha, M parvifoha, P marsupium, and S oleosa for both the seasons, indicating significant relationship between their mean values Studies on linear regression and polynomial curves for some organs of abundantly growing species viz T alata, O oojeinensis and 5 robusta draws support from the 't' test results, indicating significant relationship, hence are reliable media Organs of some species show significant difference between their mean elemental (Cu and Mo) values and the corresponding mean soil elemental (Cu and Mo) values, possibly attributed to (a) differential behaviour of some species towards their substrate parameters and (b) toxicity of metals. The best media to be sampled for biogeochemical exploration in the Malanjkhand copper province are suggested.
Keywords
Biogeochemistry, Plant-Soil Metal, Bark, Twigs, Leaves, Malanjkhand Granitoid, Madhya Pradesh.- Gold Grains in Fe-Rich Tholeiitic Lava Flows from Amarkantak in the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province, India
Abstract Views :220 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110 007, IN
2 ITMMEC, IIT, Delhi - 110 016, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110 007, IN
2 ITMMEC, IIT, Delhi - 110 016, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 57, No 5 (2001), Pagination: 455-458Abstract
Disseminated microscopic gold grains, measuring 8-12 microns across and possessing a fineness of 950 to 960 have been observed in the quartz normative tholeiitic lava flows from the Amarkantak region of the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province. High temperature of equilibration (1060-1470°C) and very low oxygen fugacity (<5) as determined from the co-existing ulvospinel-magnetite and ilmenite-haematite pairs are proposed to be the controlling factors for the occurrence of gold in these volcanics.Full Text
- Petrography and Mineral Chemistry of Neovolcanics Occurring Between Pacific and Nazca Plate Boundaries
Abstract Views :187 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 74, No 5 (2009), Pagination: 559-572Abstract
Mid-Oceanic Ridge Basalt (MORB) samples collected from southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) have been investigated. These highly phyric plagioclase basalts (HPPB) and moderately phyric plagioclase basalts (MOPB) show rare cumulate and vitrophyric textures with plagioclase (>10% as phenocryst) and abundant glass (>72%). Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) showed large compositional variations in the megacrysts as well as microcrysts of plagioclase (An62 to An82), olivine (Fo78 to Fo87), pyroxene (ferroaugite to augite) and iron oxides, mostly titaniferous magnetite. Olivine grains show high Mg# (>80%) and distinctly low in NiO (0.01-0.2%). Ferroan trevorite (NiO = 16.22 and FeO(t) = 83.06) a characteristic meteoritic mineral has been identified from the olivine megacrysts of MORB, possibly attributed to Ni-enrichment, resulted from heterogeneity of the lower mantle. Wide range of An composition in plagioclase is indicative of large pressure range of crystal nucleation under decompression at a depth of ∼70 km (An82) up to the ocean spreading centre. Absence of zoning observed in all the minerals present in the MORB samples, possibly attributed to unmixing and dominant fractionation process.Keywords
Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt, Magmatism, Megacrysts and Microcryst, Ferroan Trevorite.References
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- A Handbook of Minerals, Crystals, Rocks and Ores
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1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, IN
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Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 74, No 5 (2009), Pagination: 646-647Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Geochemistry of Basic Dykes from Betul-Jabalpur Area in the Deccan Volcanic Province
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1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
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Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 74, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 95-107Abstract
Dykes exposed in the Betul-Jabalpur area, lie parallel to E-W trending Narmada-Son and Tapti lineaments in the Deccan volcanic province. These dykes show a variety of textural features and contain plagioclase (33-45%), clinopyroxene, olivine, magnetite and glass. These dykes are mainly basalt and basaltic andesite. Betul-Jabalpur and Tapti dykes show increase in sub-alkalis (K2O+Na2O) with the rise in SiO2 values. Their data plots confine to the subalkalic array suggesting fractional crystallization as the dominant process. The high field strength elements in these dykes also show close correlation with the dykes south of the Tapti valley. Low concentration of Rb, Ba and V in Betul-Jabalpur dykes indicate that they are less contaminated than the other dykes of Deccan volcanic province. The large-scale chemical similarity in the major and trace elemental composition of the Betul-Jabalpur and south of Tapti valley dykes suggests their origin from a common magma type, possibly derived from the fractionation of isolated high gravity mafic-ultramafic igneous bodies positioned 6-8 km below the surface, trending parallel to the Narmada-Tapti rift zone.Keywords
Dykes, Betul-Jabalpur, Narmada-Son Lineament, Deccan Volcanic Province.References
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- Clay Mineralogical Studies on Bijawars of the Sonrai Basin:Palaeoenvironmental Implications and Inferences on the Uranium Mineralization
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1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 Atomic Mineral Directorate for Exploration and Research, Northern Region, Delhi - 110 066, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 Atomic Mineral Directorate for Exploration and Research, Northern Region, Delhi - 110 066, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 79, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 117-134Abstract
Clays associated with the Precambrian unconformity-related (sensu lato) uranium mineralization that occur along fractures of Rohini carbonate, Bandai sandstone and clay-organic rich black carbonaceous Gorakalan shale of the Sonrai Formation from Bijawar Group is significant. Nature and structural complexity of these clays have been studied to understand depositional mechanism and palaeoenvironmental conditions responsible for the restricted enrichment of uranium in the Sonrai basin. Clays (<2 μm fraction) separated from indurate sedimentary rocks by disaggregation, chemical treatment and centrifugation were examined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Presence of tv-1M type illite is inferred from the Rohini and Bandai Members of the Sonrai Formation, indicative of high fluid/rock interaction and super-saturation state of the fluids available in proximity with the uranium mineralization. It is observed that the Sonrai Formation is characterized by kaolinite > chlorite > illite > smectite mineral assemblages, whereas, Solda Formation contains kaolinite > illite > chlorite clays. It has been found that the former mineral assemblage resulted from the alteration process is associated with the uranium mineralization and follow progressive reaction series, indicating palaeoenvironmental (cycles of tropical humid to semi-arid/arid) changes prevailed during maturation of the Sonrai basin. The hydrothermal activity possibly associated with Kurrat volcanics is accountable for the clay mineral alterations.Keywords
Clay Mineral Assemblages, Illite Crystallinity, Uranium Mineralization, XRD Patterns, Bijawar Group, Sonrai Basin.References
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- Near Hydrothermal Alteration of Obsidian Glass: Implications for Long Term Performance Assessments
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 BETDD, Nuclear Recycle Group, BARC, Mumbai - 400 008, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
2 BETDD, Nuclear Recycle Group, BARC, Mumbai - 400 008, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 79, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 376-382Abstract
Obsidian glass alteration experiments under near hydrothermal conditions were performed to study mechanism and conditions of formation of altered minerals. X-ray diffraction patterns and cell dimensions of the specimens treated at 150, 200 and 300°C (pH = 8.03) revealed appearance of three main minerals - illite (9.5-10 Å), chlorite (7.04 Å) and halloysite (10.25Å). Further increase in the pH favours matrix dissolution with the formation of secondary altered layers. SEM-EDS study show that the alteration causes smoothing of the grain surfaces. These surfaces exhibits etch pits and series of depressions, formed by the process of dissolution. SEM - Back Scattered Electron images of obsidian specimens show thin laminae of smectite, with foliated bulky rims and cellular honeycomb texture, formed by precipitation from the solution as well as by direct transformation of glass during alteration. This mechanism is resulting from the alteration of alkalis by ionic inter-diffusion with H3O+ and H+ and inward diffusion of H2O, leading to free diffusion of silica into solution and then to a local rearrangement of the glass framework. Thus, a direct transformation of glass into clay minerals is the major reaction mechanism as evidenced by the mechanism of glass dissolution and subsequent mineral precipitation.Keywords
Near Hydrothermal Condition, Geological Repository, Dissolution, Mineral Precipitation.References
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- A Review of the Seismicity and Seismotectonics of Delhi and Adjoining Areas
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Authors
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1 India Meteorological Department, New Delhi - 110 003, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
1 India Meteorological Department, New Delhi - 110 003, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 79, No 6 (2012), Pagination: 603-617Abstract
Understanding of seismicity and seismotectonics of Delhi and adjoining areas is essential as these areas lie in the seismic zone IV and are geologically confined to the Delhi Fold Belt (DFB), juxtaposed to the Himalayan Frontal Thrust Fold Belt. Owing to the set-up, seismicity in this area is ascribed to the Himalayan Thrust System and activation of DFB Fault Systems. Considerably improved instrumental seismic monitoring in this area and data analysis had resolved three regions of pronounced seismicity that lie close to Sonepat, Rohtak and western part of the NCT Delhi, attributed to activation of various portions of the fault systems of the DFB. Based on seismic telemetry network data, the seismicity pattern analysis revealed that the Mahendragarh Dehradun Sub-Surface Fault (MDSSF) and Delhi Sargodha Ridge (DSR) are the two major zones of structural importance for the nucleation of seismicity in this region. These revelations were corroborated with the fault plane solution of the earthquakes. The dominant mechanism in nucleation of seismicity in DFB is the thrust with minor strike slip. The seismicity and seismotectonics of Delhi and adjoining areas endemic to activation of DFB is reviewed and presented in this paper.Keywords
Earthquake, Seismicity, Seismotectonics, Fault Plane Solution, b-Value, Delhi.References
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- Microstructures and Compositional Variation in the Intra-Volcanic Bole Clays from the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province: Palaeoenvironmental Implications and Duration of Volcanism
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 7, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, Eastern Region, Patna - 20, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 7, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, Eastern Region, Patna - 20, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 80, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 177-188Abstract
Clay minerals associated with intra-volcanic bole horizons of varied colours and thicknesses contain montmorillonite, halloysite and kaolinite, show distinct microstructures and microaggregates. In kaolinite, Fe3+ ions substitute for Al3+ at octahedral sites. Most of these clays are dioctahedral type, show balance between net layer and interlayer charges. The interstratified illite - smectite (I/S) mixed layers containing variable proportions of montmorillonite. Illite contains sheet-like, well oriented microaggregates. The parallel stacks of chlorite sheets show chlorite/smectite (C/S) mixed layers. Progressive enrichment of Fe and depletion of Al ions with the advancement of kaolinization process is observed. High order of structural and compositional maturity observed in these bole clays, indicate long hiatus between the two volcanic episodes.
It is observed that the bole horizons suffered rigorous weathering, approximately 5 fold higher than the respective parent lava flows under the alternate wet and dry spells of climatic changes. Translating the production time estimates of clays associated with the 21 bole horizons, found in the eastern Deccan volcano-sedimentary succession, it is assessed that the minimum time required for their formation is approximately 7 my. Clay minerals that occur across the stratigraphic sequence show cyclic changes in the climate, favouring longer duration of volcanic activity. Late Maastrichtian Lameta beds post-date Deccan volcanism to 70 Ma or earlier to this. Considering the formation of bole clays in terms of time, it is possible that the volcanic activity started much earlier in the late Maastrichtian, and continued after 65 Ma or even later. Thus, the clay stratigraphy based estimates lend support to a prolong duration.
Keywords
Lava Flows, Deccan Volcanic Province, Intra-Volcanic Bole Horizons, Clay Minerals, Maastrichtian.References
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