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Keller, G.
- Foraminifera from the Early Danian Intertrappean Beds in Rajahmundry Quarries, Andhra Pradesh
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Bangalore University, Bangalore - 560 056, IN
2 Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
3 Civil Engineering Department, Geology Division, Islamiah Institute of Technology, National Park Road, Bangalore - 560076, IN
1 Department of Geology, Bangalore University, Bangalore - 560 056, IN
2 Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
3 Civil Engineering Department, Geology Division, Islamiah Institute of Technology, National Park Road, Bangalore - 560076, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 75, No 6 (2010), Pagination: 851-863Abstract
Intertrappean beds exposed between upper and lower traps of the Government and Sunnamrayalu quarries of Rajahmundry were analyzed based on benthic and planktic foraminifera, ostracodes and algae observed in thin sections. Planktic foraminifera indicate deposition occurred in the early Danian Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina (P1a) zone shortly after deposition of the lower trap flows. The most diverse planktic assemblages were deposited in limestones of the middle intertrappean interval and indicate an upper P1a age, or subzone P1a(2), as marked by the co-occurrence of P. eugubina, Globoconusa daubjergensis, Parasubbotina pseudobulloides and Subbotina triloculinoides. Reworked late Maastrichtian planktic foraminifera are common in a limestone interval and suggest erosion of uplifted Cretaceous sediments. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate deposition occurred predominantly in shallow inner shelf to brackish environments. Similarly, ostracodes indicate variable environments ranging from inner neritic to brackish with fresh water influx, as also indicated by the presence of fresh water algae. These data confirm an overall deepening from restricted shallow marine to estuarine, lagoonal and finally open marine conditions followed by abrupt emersion and paleosoil deposition prior to the arrival of the upper trap flows at or near the base of C29n.Keywords
Foraminifera, Ostracodes, Danian, Intertrappean, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh.
- Deccan Volcanism Linked to the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Mass Extinction: New Evidence from ONGC Wells in the Krishna-Godavari Basin
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Authors
G. Keller
1,
P. K. Bhowmick
2,
H. Upadhyay
2,
A. Dave
2,
A. N. Reddy
3,
B. C. Jaiprakash
3,
T. Adatte
4
Affiliations
1 Geosciences Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, US
2 Keshava Dev Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehradun, IN
3 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Regional Geoscience Laboratory, Chennai, IN
4 Geological and Paleontological Institute, Anthropole, CH-1015 Lausanne, CH
1 Geosciences Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, US
2 Keshava Dev Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehradun, IN
3 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Regional Geoscience Laboratory, Chennai, IN
4 Geological and Paleontological Institute, Anthropole, CH-1015 Lausanne, CH
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 78, No 5 (2011), Pagination: 399-428Abstract
A scientific challenge is to assess the role of Deccan volcanism in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) mass extinction. Here we report on the stratigraphy and biologic effects of Deccan volcanism in eleven deep wells from the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. In these wells, two phases of Deccan volcanism record the world's largest and longest lava mega-flows interbedded in marine sediments in the K-G Basin about 1500 km from the main Deccan volcanic province. The main phase-2 eruptions (∼80% of total Deccan Traps) began in C29r and ended at or near the KTB, an interval that spans planktic foraminiferal zones CF1-CF2 and most of the nannofossil Micula prinsii zone, and is correlative with the rapid global warming and subsequent cooling near the end of the Maastrichtian. The mass extinction began in phase-2 preceding the first of four mega-flows. Planktic foraminifera suffered a 50% drop in species richness. Survivors suffered another 50% drop after the first mega-flow, leaving just 7 to 8 survivor species. No recovery occurred between the next three mega-flows and the mass extinction was complete with the last phase-2 megaflow at the KTB. The mass extinction was likely the consequence of rapid and massive volcanic CO2 and SO2 gas emissions, leading to high continental weathering rates, global warming, cooling, acid rains, ocean acidification and a carbon crisis in the marine environment.
Deccan volcanism phase-3 began in the early Danian near the C29R/C29n boundary correlative with the planktic foraminiferal zone P1a/P1b boundary and accounts for ∼14% of the total volume of Deccan eruptions, including four of Earth's longest and largest mega-flows. No major faunal changes are observed in the intertrappeans of zone P1b, which suggests that environmental conditions remained tolerable, volcanic eruptions were less intense and/or separated by longer time intervals thus preventing runaway effects. Alternatively, early Danian assemblages evolved in adaptation to high-stress conditions in the aftermath of the mass extinction and therefore survived phase-3 volcanism. Full marine biotic recovery did not occur until after Deccan phase-3. These data suggest that the catastrophic effects of phase-2 Deccan volcanism upon the Cretaceous planktic foraminifera were a function of both the rapid and massive volcanic eruptions and the highly specialized faunal assemblages prone to extinction in a changing environment. Data from the K-G Basin indicates that Deccan phase-2 alone could have caused the KTB mass extinction and that impacts may have had secondary effects.
Keywords
Cretaceous-Tertiary, Mass Extinction, Deccan Volcanism, Longest Lava Flows, Krishna-Godavari Basin.References
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