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Modak, Biplob Kumar
- Biological Diversity of Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933 (Myxozoa : Myxosporea : Bivalvulida) Parasitizing Freshwater Fishes of Indian Subcontinent
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly - 712258, West Bengal, IN
2 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia - 723101, West Bengal, IN
3 Protozoology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly - 712258, West Bengal, IN
2 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia - 723101, West Bengal, IN
3 Protozoology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 12, No Sp Iss (2015), Pagination: 26-27Abstract
The genus Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933 is a member of the Class Myxosporea in the Phylum Myxozoa. Spores of the genus Thelohanellus Kudo are tear-shaped, pyriform or ellipsoidal in valvular view and tear-shaped or pyriform in sutural view. Spores with spore valves are always smooth and devoid of any outgrowth. They are characterized by single pyriform or tear-shaped polar capsule with single coiled polar filament; binucleate sporoplasm mostly with polysaccharide inclusion. Members of this genus have large polysporous plasmodia with pansporoblast formation. They are histozoic parasites of freshwater fishes representing about 75 species with Thelohanellus pyriformis Thelohan, 1892 as the type species. So far, 32 species of the genus Thelohanellus are known to occur in India. In this communication, their recognition, biology and pathogenicity, if any, are summarised.
- Prevalence of Myxozoan Parasites (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) in Different Fresh Water Fishes Collected from River Damodar in Bankura District, West Bengal
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly-712258, West Bengal, IN
2 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia-723101, West Bengal, IN
3 Bhara Madhyamik Vidyaniketan, P.O. Bhara Kalibari, Bankura, West Bengal, IN
1 Dept. of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly-712258, West Bengal, IN
2 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia-723101, West Bengal, IN
3 Bhara Madhyamik Vidyaniketan, P.O. Bhara Kalibari, Bankura, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 12, No Sp Iss (2015), Pagination: 33-33Abstract
The present communication records the prevalence of myxozoan (Myxozoa : Myxosporea : Bivalvulida) parasites of the genera Myxobolus Butschli, 1882 and Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933 in different food fishes of West Bengal, India. The host fishes were collected from river Damodar in the district of Bankura, West Bengal. There are 10 different genera of host fishes which belong to as many as 8 families of Bony fishes, viz., Cobitidae, Ambassidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Bagridae, Mastacembelidae, Cyprinidae, Belonidae. The myxoaoans have been found infecting the fins, operculum, gills as well as the internal organs like intestine and kidney too. The rate of infections was comparatively higher in the winter months. Monthly prevalence of the myxozoan infections along with the genera and families of host fishes are summarised in this communication.- Effect of Arsenic on Amino Acids Level in a Common Indian Grasshopper
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Authors
Affiliations
1 P. G. Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, EB-2, Sector-1, Kolkata-700 064, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
1 P. G. Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, EB-2, Sector-1, Kolkata-700 064, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 13, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 109-112Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of the body and play a significant role in metal binding and antioxidant defence. Arsenic is a widespread pollutant and an attempt was made in the present study, to observe the effect of mild stress of arsenic on the essential and non-essential amino acids in a common Indian grasshopper, namely, Gesonula punctifrons. The study revealed a significant increase in total amino acids content in compared to the untreated grasshoppers with the advancement of doses during 96 hours of the experiment. Study showed an increase in the level of Glycine indicating the recovery from the effect of Arsenic in G. punctifrons. Alanine and Arginine maintained steady state in the untreated as well as in the dosed grasshoppers which means the strengthening of immune system of the insects during the treatment with the heavy metals. Detoxification of the effect of arsenic was done by increasing the amount of Cystine and Glutamic acid, precursors of antioxidant like Glutathione.Keywords
Grasshopper, Arsenic, Toxicity, Amino Acids.References
- Augustyniak, M., Babczynska, A., Migula, P., Wilczek, G., Laszczyca and Kafel, P., 2005. Joint effect of dimethoate and heavy metals on metabolic responses in a grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus ) from a heavy metals pollution gradient. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C 141: 412-419
- Bischof, C. 1996. Effects of heavy metal stress on free amino acids in the haemolymph and proteins in haemolymph and total body tissue of Lymantria dispar larvae parasitized by Glyptapanteles liparidis. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 79: 61-68.
- Bosquet, G. 1977. Haemopymph modifications during starvation in Philosamia cynthia (Ferber). II. Amino acids and peptides. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part A, 58: 377-382.
- Dahlman, D. L. 1973. Starvation of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. 1. Changes in haemolymph characteristics of 5th stage larvae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66: 1023-1029.
- Devkota, B., and Schimdt, G. H., 2000a. Life span and fecundity of Aiolopus thalassinus exposed to dietary heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb). Boll. Zool. Agr. Bachic. Ser. II, 32(2): 119-134.
- Devkota, B. and Schmidt, G. H. 2000b. Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agri. Ecos. Environ., 78: 85-91.
- De, M. 2005. Arsenic-India's health crisis attracting global attention. Current Science, 88(5): 683-684.
- Huq S. M. I., Joardar, J. C., Parvin, S., Correll, R. and Naidu, R. 2006. Arsenic contamination in food-chain: transfer of arsenic into food materials through groundwater irrigation, J. Health Popul. Nutr., 24(3): 305-316.
- Jeuniaux, C. 1971. Haemolymph –Arthropoda. In: M. Florkin and B.T. Scheer (eds.), Chemical Zoology, Vol VI, Arthropoda B. Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 63-111.
- Lindsay, D. M. and Sanders, J. G. 1999. Arsenic uptake and transfer in a simplified estuarine food chain. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 9: 391-395.
- Malakar, C., Ganguly, A. and Haldar, P. 2009. Influence of Cadmium on growth, survival and clutch size of a common Indian Short Horned Grasshopper, Oxya fuscovittata. American-Eurasian J. Toxicol. Sciences, 1(1): 32-36.
- Nath, S., Anand, H. and Haldar, P. 2011. Study of short horned grasshoppers in relation to heavy metals accumulation. J. Ent. Res., 35(5): 291-293.
- Quayum, S. L. 2007. Effect of water hyacinth ischolar_main extract on arsenic level in different organs of arsenic-treated rat. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol., 2: 73-80.
- Schmidt, G. H. and Ibrahim, N. M. M. 1994. Heavy metal content (Hg+, Cd+, Pb+) in various body parts: Its impact on Cholinesterase activity and binding glycolprotein in grasshopper Aiolopus thalassinus adults. Ecotox. Environ. Safe, 29: 148-164.
- Prevalence of Myxozoan Parasites in Fishes from River Damodar at Mejia Area, Bankura, West Bengal
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Bhara Madhyamik Vidyaniketan, P.O.-Bhara Kalibari, Mejia, Dist.-Bankura, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly-712258, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia-723101, West Bengal, IN
1 Bhara Madhyamik Vidyaniketan, P.O.-Bhara Kalibari, Mejia, Dist.-Bankura, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly-712258, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia-723101, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 13, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 131-135Abstract
The present study records the prevalence of myxozoan (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infections of some fishes collected from the river Damodar in Mejia area of Bankura district, West Bengal. During the calendar year 2014, in all 17 species of fishes belonging to nine families were examined, of which five species belonging to two families, viz., Cyprinidae and Bagridae were found to be infected with three different myxozoan genera, viz., Myxobolus Butschli, 1882, Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933 and Henneguya Thelohan, 1892. The rate of infection was comparatively higher during the winter seasons. Monthly prevalence of the myxozoan infection in fishes is communicated.Keywords
Bivalvulida, Myxozoa, Myxobolus, Thelohanellus, Henneguya.References
- Banerjee, R. K., Mukhopadhyay, M. K., Pandit, P. K., Karmakar, H. C., Mitra, K., Chatterjee, S. K., Das, B. B. and Sengupta, A. 1998. The river Damodar and its environment. Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute, 79: 1-46.
- Basu, S. 2002. Studies in some aspects of Myxozoa (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) in edible fishes of West Bengal. Ph.D Thesis, University of Kalyani, West Bengal.
- Basu, S. and Haldar, D. P. 1998. Comparative study on prevalence of Protozoan parasites in pure and hybrid carps. Environment & Ecology, 16(3): 584-587.
- Basu, S., Mitra, A. K. and Haldar, D. P. 2003. Prevalence of trichodinid ciliophoran (Ciliophora : Mobilina : Trichodinidae) and myxoxoan (Myxozoa : Myxosporea : Bivalvulida) fish parasites in pure and hybrid carps of West Bengal. Environment & Ecology, 21(Spl. Pub.): 38-45.
- Dey, V. K. 1996. Ornamental Fishes and Handbook of Aqua farming. The Marine Products Export Development Authority, Cochin. Entrepreneurship Development. Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneshwar : 1-6
- Dey, S., Singha, R. U. and Pal, A. 2013. Studies on fish fauna at Durgapur barrage and its adjacent wetland areas with an eye to the Damodar river from Durgapur, West Bengal, India. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 8(1): 17-22.
- Jayaram, K. C. 1999. The freshwater fishes of the Indian region. Narendra Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
- Lom, J. and Vavra, J. 1963. Mucous envelope of spores of the subphylum Cnidospora (Deflein, 1901). Vest. Cs. Spol. Zool., 27: 4-6.
- Saha, M. K. and Patra, B. C. 2013. Present status of icthyofaunal diversity of Damodar river at Burdwan district, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(6): 1-11.
- Talwar, P. K. and Jhingran, A. G. 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Vol. 1 & 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
- Role of Lac Culture in the Conservation of Biological Diversity : Fieldwork Findings from Purulia District in West Bengal
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, A.M. College, Jhalda, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Biology, Uttarpara Government High School, P.O. Uttarpara, Dist. Hooghly, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Zoology, A.M. College, Jhalda, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Biology, Uttarpara Government High School, P.O. Uttarpara, Dist. Hooghly, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 8, No 1 (2011), Pagination: 109-114Abstract
Paradoxically Purulia, which is a natural resource abundant district, is the most backward district in West Bengal. Tribal people maintain their subsistence by using those resources. Diverse small and cottage industries including lac are being run by natural resources. However, evidence reveals that for the last three decades Lac industry has been deteriorating in this district. In consequence, the tribal communities are in great crisis. The natural vegetations involved in lac cultivation (host plants of lac insects) have lost their importance to the poor inhabitants and become 'trash tree'. They cut them down indiscriminately as 'fire-wood'. As a result, lac-associated biodiversity is declining and the environmental balance is being disturbed. In such an adverse situation, this article seeks to disclose that adequate action should be undertaken to reduce or rule the deteriorating condition of lac industries, and thereby to restore both the biodiversity and the economic sustainability of the tribal people.Keywords
Environmental Balance, Lac-Associated Biodiversity, Lac-Insect, Tribal Communities.- Integrated Management of Diseases and Pests of Silkworm
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Authors
Affiliations
1 P2 Basic Seed Farm, Central Silk Board, Purnia, Bihar, IN
2 Central Sericutural Research & Training Institute, Berhampore-742101, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Agriculture & Rural Development, Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Berachampa, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, IN
4 Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
1 P2 Basic Seed Farm, Central Silk Board, Purnia, Bihar, IN
2 Central Sericutural Research & Training Institute, Berhampore-742101, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Agriculture & Rural Development, Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Berachampa, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, IN
4 Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 13, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 147-155Abstract
Incidence of diseases and pests is a serious concern in silk production due to prevailing tropical condition. Annual crop loss due to diseases during rearing varies between 15% and 20% in national level and in West Bengal it ranges between 35.7% and 44.7%. Crop losses due to specific diseases are also reported to the tune of 30%-40%. Cocoon crop is also affected due to Uzi fly, Exorista bombycis (Louis) infestation. Extent of infestation in West Bengal and Karnataka is between 40%-75%. Silkworm crop protection has been ingenuously investigated in various dimensions and prophylactic measures were developed. Intervention of crop technologies with adequate extension support crop loss due to diseases, which declined from 35% to 14%. Formulation and recommendation of disinfectants and management of rearing with productive breeds/hybrids ensured crop stability and added income of seri farmers. Elaborate technologies have been discussed for successful cocoon crop.Keywords
Bombyx mori, Sericulture, Integrated Disease Management, Uzi Fly.References
- Baig, M. and Pradip Kumar. 1987. Silkworm disease and pests. In: Appropriate sericulture techniques (Ed. M. S. Jolly). Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Mysore, India, pp. 107-144.
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- Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B. and Datta, R. K. 1996. Chlorine dioxide and Virkon-S as disinfectants against pathogens of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Seric., 35(1): 50-53.
- Bhattacharya, S. S., Chakraborty, N. and Sahakundu, A. K. 1993. Effect of bleaching powder solution as ovicide against Uzifly, Exorista sorbillans on mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori. Recent Adv. Uzifly Res., pp. 191-200.
- Bhattacharya, S. S., Chakraborty, N. and Sahakundu, A. K. 1993. Influence of abiotic factors on uzifly Exorista sorbillans (Wiedemann) Beck infestation on silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and assessment of crop loss in Malda district (West Bengal, India). Sericologia, 33(2): 289-296.
- Chakraborty, N., Bhattacharya, S. S., Das, N. K., Sen, S. K., and Pavankumar, T. 1996. Studies on incidence of uzifly (Exorista bombycis Louis) infestation on silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and assessment of cocoon crop loss in Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. Entomon, 21(1): 29- 35.
- Chandra, A. K. and Sahakundu, A. K. 1982. The effect of drug on pebrine infection in B. mori L. Indian J. Seri., 21(2): 67–69.
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- Chitra, C., Karanth, N. G. K. and Vasantharajan, V. N. 1975. Diseases of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Sci Ind. Res., 34: 386-401.
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- Jolly, M. S. 1987. In “Appropriate Sericulture Techniques”, Published by the Director, International Centre for Training and Research in Tropical Sericulture, Central Sericulture Research & Training Institute, Mysore, India.
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- Nataraju, B., Datta, R. K., Baig, M., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Samson, M. V. and Sivaprasad, V. 1998. Studies on the prevalence of nuclear polyhedrosis in sericultural areas of Karnataka. Indian J. Seric., 37: 154-158.
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- Samson, M. V., Baig, M., Sharma, S. D., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Shashidaran, T. O. and Jolly, M. S. 1990. Survey on the relative incidence of silkworm diseases in Karnataka, India. Indian J. Seric., 29: 248-254.
- Siddappaji, C. and Channa Basavanna, G. P. 1981. Silkworm uzifly and its management (in Kannada). 6(8): 19-22.
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- Incidence of Silkworm Diseases in Baishakhi (April) Crop of Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Agriculture & Rural Development, Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Berachampa, 24PGS(N), IN
2 Post graduate Department of Sericulture, K. N. College, Berhampore, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Agriculture & Rural Development, Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Berachampa, 24PGS(N), IN
2 Post graduate Department of Sericulture, K. N. College, Berhampore, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 13, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 187-190Abstract
Common diseases of silkworms in West Bengal are White Muscardine (fungal), Grasserie (viral), Flacherie (viral and bacterial complex) and Pebrine (Protozoa). Present study intends to study the prevalence of various silkworm diseases of Baishakhi crop at Murshidabad district, West Bengal. The study finds that Flacherie is more predominant (18%), followed by Grasserie (10.5%) in both lab and land conditions in Baishakhi or April crop than any other diseases at Murshidabad district. However, occurrence of Muscardine and Pebrine diseases in Baisakhi crop of the district is not recorded during the study period.Keywords
Mulberry Silk, Silkworm Disease, Baishakhi Crop, Murshidabad.References
- Annual Report. Govt. of West Bengal, 2015-2016.
- Kawakami, K. 2001 Illustrated Hand Book of silkworm disease control technology. JICA Publication, C.S.R. & T.I., Mysore.
- Krihnaswami, S. 1978. New technology of silkworm rearing. CSR & TI, Mysore, pp.1-10.
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- State Sericulture Diary 2016. Department of Sericulture, Directorate of Textiles, Govt. of West Bengal.
- Observations on Present Status of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPS) of Bagmundi Block, Purulia and its Role in Livelihood Generation of Rural People
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Agricultural Technology Management Agency, Dept. of Agriculture, Bagmundi, WB, IN
2 Dept. of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal, IN
3 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, WB, Pin:723104, IN
1 Agricultural Technology Management Agency, Dept. of Agriculture, Bagmundi, WB, IN
2 Dept. of Biology, Uttarpara Govt. High School, Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal, IN
3 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, WB, Pin:723104, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 14, No Spl (2017), Pagination: 31-32Abstract
The Purulia district of West Bengal, popularly known as Junglemahal, is endowed with rich ethnic culture as well as immense biological diversity. The district is mostly inhabited by the poorest of the poor rural and tribal communities and they constitute about 20% of the total district population. They still prefer to live in the remote hilly jungles or at their base. Biodiversity offers great subsistence value to these extremely poor rural and tribal communities. They have the choice to exploit a wide range of species in different ways rather than just a limited number of species exploited by the urban citizen. However, some of the NTFPs of Purulia district have vast commercial importance. Consequently, due to market pressure, unsustainable exploitation of these NTFPs have been taken place making some of the species vulnerable to extinction in the wild. The present communication intends to document the present status of NTFPs of the Bagmundi Block of Purulia district. The study reveals that, forest area of Bagmundi Block has more than two hundred non timber forest Products (NTFPs.), of which forty seven commonly traded forest products have been studied. Among these NTFPs ten species are vulnerable and six are endangered as per IUCN red list. A comparison between present status of NTFPs with the last decade is also been compiled in the present communication.- Ethnozoological Practices of Tribal People of Purulia District, West Bengal
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Panjania J.D.R. High School, P.O. Bagalia, Dist:Purulia, West Bengal, IN
2 Sidho Kanho Birsha University, P.O. Sainik School, Dist:Purulia, West Bengal, IN
1 Panjania J.D.R. High School, P.O. Bagalia, Dist:Purulia, West Bengal, IN
2 Sidho Kanho Birsha University, P.O. Sainik School, Dist:Purulia, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 14, No Spl (2017), Pagination: 32-32Abstract
Traditional or folk medicine is still preponderating among the rural people for primary health-care. In India tribal medicine and written health traditions, such as, Ayurveda, Uninani, Siddha are recommend to use animal or animal products to treat various disease condition. Nearly 15%-20% Ayurvedic medicines are animal based and in the Unani system almost 200 drugs are derived from animals. Although in tribal medicine, zootherapeutic practices is very common but never commercialized. The district Purulia of West Bengal is endowed with rich ethnic culture as well as immense biological diversity. The present study intends to document various ethnozoological practices prevailing in the district. During the field survey, 38 medicine-men were interviewed. This communication documented 32 animal species for ethno medicinal uses against various disease conditions of tribal. Informant concensus factor, fidelity level and use value are also analysed. Folklore and traditional knowledge are in the process of rapid degeneration due to disruption of forest covers and changes in the socio-economic pattern. So, there is an urgent need to document the available information.- Indigenous Knowledge and Practices on Water Conservation and Management in Purulia District, West Bengal
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Raghunathpur High School (H.S), Purulia, West Bengal, IN
2 Panjania J.D.R.High School (H.S), Purulia, West Bengal, IN
3 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, India. Pin: 723104, IN
1 Raghunathpur High School (H.S), Purulia, West Bengal, IN
2 Panjania J.D.R.High School (H.S), Purulia, West Bengal, IN
3 Dept. of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, India. Pin: 723104, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 17, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 89-98Abstract
Historically, Purulia is one of the drought-prone districts of West Bengal. Local people and biotic organisms of this district suffer a lot for requisite water, particularly during the summer season. To cope up with this adverse situation, native people adopted various indigenous techniques like Pitcher Watering System, Cultivation of sugarcane without irrigation, Contour bunding, etc. since time immemorial. Such kinds of practices help them to manage their daily water requirement and conserve local biodiversity. These practices are also helpful to recharge groundwater and play an important role in water conservation. The present study records a total of 20 such practices for water conservation and management in Purulia district, West Bengal.Keywords
Indigenous Practices, Water Conservation, Pitcher Watering, etc. Purulia.References
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