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Kumar, Vinod

Role of Melatonin in Timekeeping of Birds

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Authors

Vinod Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 IRHPA Unit on Biological Rhythm Research, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 10, No 1 (2006), Pagination: 24-31

Abstract

The pineal is a component of the avian timekeeping system. The best known output of the pineal gland is melatonin, a lipophilic molecule, whose presence appears to have been evolutionarily conserved. Two major physiological roles are assigned to melatonin. One role is its involvement in daily and seasonal timekeeping. The other is its involvement in the time measurement. Birds use daily rhythm of melatonin secretion to decode the time-of-day as well as the time-of-year information. Besides these two roles, the other physiological roles that melatonin performs include immune function, free radical scavenging, etc. Interestingly, in birds the pineal (melatonin) directly regulates several circadian behaviours, but not the circadian rhythm mediated photoperiodic inductions; melatonin acts only as an endocrine modulator of the latter. In the present article the avian timekeeping system is very briefly described, and then the role of melatonin (and the pineal gland) in daily and seasonal timekeeping of birds is discussed.

Keywords

Birds, Melatonin, Pineal Gland, Timekeeping.

Full Text

Role of Pineal and Melatonin in the Avian Circadian and Photoperiodic Systems

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Authors

Ila Mishra ¹, Vinod Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 10007, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 20, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 38-45

Abstract

The pineal gland is an important component of the multioscillatory avian circadian timekeeping system. The other principal clock components reside in the retinae of the eyes and the hypothalamus. The best known output signal from the pineal gland is melatonin, which is a lipophilic molecule. The presence of melatonin is however not limited to the organisms having a pineal gland. Melatonin is present from plants to protozoa to humans. Melatonin seems to have been evolutionarily conserved as an adaptive molecule of darkness of the daily day-night environment. In birds, the major physiological roles of pineal melatonin are in its involvement in the daily and seasonal timekeeping as well as photoperiodic time measurement. Birds use daily rhythm in melatonin secretion to decode the time-of-day as well as the time-of-year information. Besides, melatonin performs other physiological roles, namely in the immune function, free radical scavenging, etc. Avian pineal (melatonin) directly regulates several circadian behaviors, but intriguingly not the circadian rhythm-mediated photoperiodic induction of gonadal development. Melatonin, however, may act as an endocrine modulator of seasonal reproduction. In this article, we describe briefly the avian timekeeping system and then discuss the potential roles of pineal gland and melatonin in daily and seasonal timing of physiology in birds, particularly in songbirds.

Keywords

Bird, Circadian, Melatonin, Pineal, Photoperiod.

Full Text

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Impacts of Livestock Grazing on Fecal Glucocorticoid Levels and Gastrointestinal Parasite Prevalence in Blue Sheep in Spiti Valley, Western Himalayas

Abstract Views :131 | PDF Views:0

Authors

Priya Iyer ¹, Vinod Kumar ², Mahender Reddy ², Govindhaswamy Umapathy ²

Affiliations
1 Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560012, Karnataka, IN
2 Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad – 500007, Telangana, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 26, No 1 (2022), Pagination: 45-53

Abstract

Livestock grazing in protected areas is known to affect wild species. In this study, we examined fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentration (fGCM) and gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in blue sheep populations of Spiti valley, Himalayas. We collected 156 fecal samples of blue sheep from areas under intense livestock grazing and areas without small livestock during 2014-15. We also collected 27 fecal samples from livestock to examine parasite prevalence. We found that blue sheep in livestock-grazed areas had higher fGCM than non-grazed areas. Similarly, parasite prevalence was higher in areas with presence of cattle. Overall, adult females were more affected by disturbance and grazing compared to males and young ones. This is the first study to document the physiological stress response of wild ungulates to livestock grazing in Indian sub-continent. We suggest management recommendations to set aside pastures for exclusive use by wild blue sheep, regularly deworm livestock, and decrease the stray dog population

Keywords

Blue Sheep/Bharal (Pseudois nayaur), Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites, Livestock Grazing, Parasite Prevalence, Trans-Himalayas

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